Power plant water

In the primary binary loop, production wells recover 170°C hot water from the geothermal reservoir and deliver 3,036 m /lir at 14 bar to heat exchangers in the power plant. Water leaves the heat exchangers at 70-90°C and is recycled to the ground through a re-injection well at a depth of 400-600 m. In the secondary binary loop, the heat from the hot water evaporates the isobutane working fluid at 36 bar and 150°C (Table 4-2). 

Chu, P and D.B. Porcella. 1995. Mercury stack emissions from U.S. electric utility power plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 80 135-144. 

There has been considerable interest in the determination of ions at trace levels as, for example, in applications need high-purity water as in semiconductor processing and the determination of trace anions in amine treated waters. For this investigation, we will define "trace" as determinations at or below 1 pg/1 (ppb) levels. The Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI) recommended the use of IC for tracking trace ionic contaminants from 0.025 to 0.5 pg/1 [18]. In addition, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has established IC as the analytical technique for determining of trace level concentrations of sodium, chloride and sulfate down to 0.25 pg/1 in power plant water [19]. 

Simsiman, G. V., Chesters, G. A. Anders, W. 1987. Effect of ash disposal ponds on ground-water quality at coal-fired power plant. Water Research, 21, 417-426. 

However in many heat and mass transfer processes in fluids, condensing or boiling at a solid surface play a decisive role. In thermal power plants water at high pressure is vaporized in the boiler and the steam produced is expanded in a turbine, and then liquified again in a condenser. In compression or absorption plants and heat pumps, boilers and condensers are important pieces of equipment in the plant. In the separation of mixtures, the different composition of vapours in equilibrium with their liquids is used. Boiling and condensing are, therefore, characteristic for many separation processes in chemical engineering. As examples of these types of processes, the evaporation, condensation, distillation, rectification and absorption of a fluid should all be mentioned. 

Wangen LE, Turner FB. 1980. Trace elements in vegetation downwind of a coal-fired power plant. Water Air Soil Pollut 13 99-108. 

The prevalence of pipe flows in engineering (heating, cooling, power plants, water transport, etc.) makes pipe flow the most important application of internal flows. Because of this importance, there exist a number of correlations of experimental data on pipe flow. Before listing these correlations, however, let us recall Eq. (6.20), obtained from the analogy between heat and momentum transfer. All of the physical properties associated with the dimensionless numbers of this equation depend on the fluid temperature. Therefore a reference temperature is needed for the evaluation of the properties. A commonly used temperature for this purpose is the bulk temperature 7j, associated with the enthalpy flow in the first law (recall of Eq. (1.10)),... 

Common ions can be determined at ppb levels, e.g. fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, and potassium. This is especially important in environmental and industrial applications. Anion and cation analysis can be performed in many types of samples, e.g. groundwater samples, power plant waters, coastal and sea water samples, on air filters, solid waste samples, blood and food and digested rock samples. 

Based on the analysis of amorphous silica precipitating in geothermal power plant waters. 

Lu, Z., Liu, Y., Barreto, V., Pohl, C., Avdalovic, N., Joyce, R., and Newton, B., Determination of anions at trace levels in power plant water samples by ion chromatography with electrolytic eluent generation and suppression, J. Chromatogr. A, 956, 129-138, 2002. 

Below 1 /Lig/1 Power plant water, online preconcentration, simultaneous determination of inorganic anions 18 OQ O 3" n... 

Toofan, M., Stillian, J. R., Pohl, C. A., and Jackson, P. E., Preconcentration determination of inorganic anions and organic acids in power plant waters. Separation optimization through control of column capacity and selectivity, J. Chromatogr. A, 761, 163-168, 1997. 

Water is one of the most important substances on earth. It is crucial for sustaining the reactions within our bodies that keep us alive, but it also affects our lives in many indirect ways. The oceans help moderate the earth s temperature. Water cools automobile engines and nuclear power plants. Water provides a means of transportation on the earth s surface and acts as a medium for the growth of many of the creatures we use as food, and much more. 

Cooling Tower - A structure used to cool power plant water water is pumped to the top of the tubular tower and sprayed out into the... 

Wastewater Mercury Stagnant and electric power plant waters Industrial effluents ... 

Vanlangendonck, Y, Corbisier, D. Lierde, A. V 2005. Influence of operating conditions on the ammonia electro-oxidation rate in wastewaters from power plants. Water Research 39(13) 3028 3034. 

Structural materials, such as carbon steel in power plants water cooling systems, form deposits of metal oxides when they interact with coolants. In nuclear power plants, these oxides trap radioactive ions, leading to buildups of radioactivity that require costly cleanups of reactor surfaces. Cobalt, present in some alloys used in the reactors water systems, is a major contributor toward this problem because of its long half-life (Figure 33). 

Figure 10.108 Trace anion analysis with an electolytically generated tetraborate eluent in a nuclear power plant water containing 2000 mg/L boron. Separator column lonPac AS14 column dimensions 250 mm x 2 mm i.d. eluent 50 mmol/L boric add/KOH gradient 4mmol/L KOH isocratically for 6 min and...

Kaiser, E., Dhillon, H., and Heberling, S. (1996) Application of AutoNeutralization to the determination of sub-parts-per-billion concentrations of anions in power plant water treated with amines. Presentation at the Pittsburgh Conference, Chicago, IL, USA. 

Dionex Corporation (2008) Dionex Application Note No. 185 Determination of Trace Organic Adds and Inorganic Anions in Boric Acid-Treated Power Plant Waters Using an Automated Reagent-Free Ion Chromatography System. Dionex Corporation (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), Sunnyvale,... 

E. Kaiser, H. Dhillon and S. Heberling, Application of AutoNeutralization to the Determination of Sub-Parts-Per-Billion Concentrations of Anions in Power Plant Water Treated with Amines. Presentation at Pittsburgh Conference 1995, Chicago, USA. 

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