Powder insufflator

DPI Dry powder insufflation. Avoids coordination problems lower drug loss by impaction and no propellant problems associated with pMDIs. High inspiratory effort may be required coughing reflex may be less convenient then pMDI. More sophisticated multiple dose devices. 

A powder insufflator can be used for the instillation of antimicrobial agents into the external ear canal or mastoid cavity. Current antibiotic preparations suitable for the insufflator device are shown in Table 5. They are packaged into capsules that fit into the insufflator. The patient can easily blow the powder into the ear canal without spreading it around. The activity of these anti biotics against organisms responsible for chronic otitis has already been stated. Other common antibiotics or antiseptics may be applied in powder form in an otolaryngologist s office boric acid is the most common example (Fig. 2). 

Figure 2.16 Sketch of a commercially available powder blower or powder insufflator. (Printed with permission from Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Copyright 1974. Dittert, LW.)...

In a study performed in rabbits, rhG-CSF in a powder formulation (aerodynamic diameter < 4 pm) was insufflated via an intratracheal tube and compared to intratracheal instillation of a solution of the drug. In this study it was shown that a direct relation exists between the amount of protein that was deposited deep into the lung and the relative bioavailability [33]. 

Solid dosage form includes capsules, granules, effervescent granules, powders, tablets, insufflations, suppositories (pessaries, bougies and ear cone) etc. 

Insufflations are dusting powder consisting medicaments that are blown by an insufflator (similar to atomiser) into various body cavities, nose, throat, ear etc., where it would be difficult to apply the powder directly. 

Insufflation Insufflator propels medicated powder into body cavity Body cavities... 

Insufflations Insufflations are powders used for blowing into the nose, preferably by means of one of the various kinds of powder blowers or insufflators made for the purpose. They may also be applied directly in the way in which snuff is usually taken. Also, a snuff. The term comes from the Latin insuf-flare meaning to breath into or to blow into. ... 

Today, cocaine appears in several forms coca leaf, liquid, powdered cocaine hydrochloride, purified free-base, and crack and can be chewed, insufflated, or snorted into the nose, injected (with or without opioids), or smoked. 

Powdered preparations have been used for many years in otology. These were originally applied as dusting powders for chronic otitis and were especially useful for a mastoid cavity. Before the advent of antibiotics, antiseptic and acid powders were insufflated into mastoid cavities. Unlike many other otic preparations, powders do not cause pain on administration. 

Fig. 2 Bulb insufflator used for antibiotic powders. The capsules contain the antibiotic powder and are placed inside the bulb insufflator.

Talc can be insufflated into the pleural space in a powder form, usually at thoracoscopy or thoracotomy (talc poud-rage), or can be mixed with normal saline and instilled through a standard chest tube as talc slurry. 

Illicit fentanyl derivatives may be nasally insufflated as powder or solubilized and injected intravenously. 

MDMA is available illicitly in tablet, capsule, and powder forms. It is most commonly ingested, but insufflation and intravenous injection has also been reported. 

Pulmonary clearance of tantalum dust following insufflation by humans was dependent upon particle size a 1-pm powder was removed from the alveolar regions with a clearance half-time of 2.1 years, while 5-pm and 10- xm powders were removed with a half-time of 333 days (Morrow et al. 1976). Following the accidental exposure of a human to Ta and Ta via inhalation at a nuclear reactor test site, 93% of the activity was eliminated entirely in the feces within 7 days (Sill etal. 1969) the remaining radioactivity was slowly eliminated at a rate of 0.05% per day, but no radioactivity was detected in the urine. In another... 

Rats that inhaled aluminium dust for 25 h over a period of five days and were killed on the following day showed dust cells entering the bronchioles (Schiller 1957, 1961). In the rabbit insufflation of powdered aluminium induced hyperaemia of the bronchial mucosa with an emigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes invading the aluminium dust deposits, and a desquamation of large areas of the epithelium (De Marchi 1947). 

Nasal powders for insufflation (i.e. with corticosteroids) are on the market as an alternative to sprays, but powders seem to give more risk of irritation and bleeding [3]. 

Nasal drops and liquid nasal sprays are solutions, emulsions or suspensions intended for instillation or spraying into the nasal cavities. Nasal powders or nasal insufflation powders are intended for insufflation into the nasal cavity by means of a suitable device. The size of the particles are such as to localise their deposition in the nasal cavity. In nasal sticks and so-called inhalation ointments mostly volatile active substances are formulated in a fatty base. Nasal washes are generally aqueous iso-osmotic solutions intended to cleanse the nasal cavity. If they are intended for application on injured parts of the mucosa, or prior to a surgical operation, they have to be sterile. Nasal powders and nasal sticks are not very common in pharmacy practice. Therefore they are not discussed in this chapter. 

The types of devices for medication of the lung include metered dose inhalers, nebulizers, and powder inhalers or insufflators. It is important to... 

DSCG is administered by inhalation as a dry powder in a special insufflator which permits controlled dosage. In a dose range of 20-80 mg daily, it has been used in the treatment of... 

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