Pound , conversion

Hydrolysis of either A or B yields RNHCH2CH2OH and p nitrobenzoic acid Suggest a reason able structure for compound B and demonstrate your understanding of the mechanism of this reaction by wnting the structure of the key intermediate in the conversion of compound A to com pound B... 

Double-Absorption Plants. In the United States, newer sulfuric acid plants ate requited to limit SO2 stack emissions to 2 kg of SO2 per metric ton of 100% acid produced (4 Ib /short ton Ib = pounds mass). This is equivalent to a sulfur dioxide conversion efficiency of 99.7%. Acid plants used as pollution control devices, for example those associated with smelters, have different regulations. This high conversion efficiency is not economically achievable by single absorption plants using available catalysts, but it can be attained in double absorption plants when the catalyst is not seriously degraded. 

The total releases to air from the facility must be entered m Part III, Section 5 of Form R in pounds per year. The stack test results provide the concentration of metallic lead in each exhaust stream in grains per cubic toot and the exhaust rate in cubic feet per minute. Using the appropriate conversion factors, knowing the scrubber efficiency (from the manufacturer s data), and assuming yourfacility operates 24 hours per day, 300 days per year, you can calculate the total lead releases from the stack test data. Because point (stack) releases of lead are 2,400 pounds per year,-which is greater than the 999 pounds per year ranges in column A. 1, you must enter the actual calculated amount in column A.2 of Section 5.2. 

Independent, and more accurate, quantification of the equivalence of work and heat came from an English physicist, James Prescott Joule, whose first publication in 1850 put the conversion rate at 838 foot-pounds and a later revision at 772 foot-pounds,... 

For conversion, 1 psi h 2.31 ft of water head This represents a column of water at 60°F, 2.31 feet high. The bottom pressure is one pound per square inch (psi) on a gauge. The pressure at the bottom as psi will vary with the density of the fluid. For fluids other than water, the relationship is ... 

Note that psi (pounds per square inch) is pressure on the system and is not expressed as absolute unless the system is under absolute pressure. Feet are expressed as head, not head absolute or gauge (see later example). Note the conversion of psi pressure to feet of head pressure. 

Allyl acetate is a precursor for 1,4-butanediol via a hydrocarbonylation route, which produces 4-acetoxybutanal. The reaction proceeds with a Co(CO)g catalyst in benzene solution at approximately 125°C and 3,000 pounds per square inch. The typical mole H2/CO ratio is 2 1. The reaction is exothermic, and the reactor temperature may reach 180°C during the course of the reaction. Selectivity to 4-acetoxybutanal is approximately 65% at 100% allyl acetate conversion. ... 

A small amount of nickel in the FCC feed has a significant influence on the unit operation. In a clean gas oil operation, the hydrogen yield is about 40 standard cubic feet (scf) per barrel of feed (0.07 wi /r ). This is a manageable rate that most units can handle. If the nickel level increases to 1.5 ppm, the hydrogen yield increases up to 100 scf per barrel (0.17 wt%). Note that in a 50,000 barrel/day unit, this corresponds to a mere 16 pounds per day of nickel. Unless the catalyst addition rate is increased or the nickel in the feed is passivated (see Chapter 3), the feed rate or conversion may need to be reduced. The wet gas will become lean and may limit the pumping capacity of the wet gas compressor. 

This conversion factor is exact the inch is defined to be exactly 2.54 cm. The other factors listed in this column are approximate, quoted to four significant figures. Additional digits are available if needed for vary accurate calculations. For example, the pound is defined to be 453.59237 g. 

Specific volume is a conversion of specific gravity into cubic inches per pound. Since the volume of material in a product is the first bit of information established after its shape is formulated, the specific volume is a convenient conversion factor for weight ... 

Cuellar and Webber (2008) estimated that manure from 95,000,000 animal units (1000 pounds of animal) in the United States could produce approximately 1% of total U.S. energy consumption. Conversion of the biogas into electricity could produce 2.4 0.6% of annual electricity consumption with reduction of 3.9 2.3% of annual GHG emissions from electricity generation in the United States. 

Note Because there is a constant conversion factor between grams and pounds, we can work totally in pounds. Since the formula weights are CuFeS2 (183.5 g/mol), Cu2S (159.2 g/mol) and Cu (63.55 g/mol), we have... 

Nevertheless the age-old problem of balancing will not go away. Chlorine cannot be stored so if demand falls there has to be a rate cut eventually or wholesale conversion of EDC back to the 3 cent per pound level. At the other extreme, caustic soda cannot be put into inventory for ever. Caustic soda at the 30 level implies high chlorine values, which implies better use of the chlorine, especially where FICl is a co-product. Again, looking into the future, more isocyanate and epichlorohydrin units will be tagged on to the vinyl chain as is projected for China and Qatar in the twenty-first century. This ought to minimise the amount of co-product caustic produced (see Fig. 1.7). 

This gives us a density in terms of lb/ft3. While this is a density, it does not have the desired units. To complete the problem, we need to make two conversions pounds to grams and cubic feet to cubic centimeters. We can do these conversions separately, and in any order. There are several hundred ways to finish this problem correctly. Each individual doing the problem will develop his or her own correct method. The correct method for you will be the one that uses the conversions you know. For example, here are some ways of changing 97.5 lb to grams ... 

Although the superior properties of PEN have been known for many years, the unavailability of the naphthalate monomer has delayed the development of commercial markets, until relatively recently (1995) when the Amoco Chemical Company offered high purity naphthalene-2,6-dimethyl dicarboxylate (NDC) in amounts of up to 60 million pounds per year. This diester is produced by a five-step synthetic route, starting from the readily available compounds, o-xylene and 1,4-butadiene [3], Prior to this, the NDC diester was obtained by extraction of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) from petroleum streams, where it was present in relatively low abundance. Oxidation of DMN to crude 2,6-naphthalene dixcarboxylic (NDA) is conducted by a similar process to that used for conversion of p-xylcnc to purified terephthalic acid (TA), crude NDA is esterified with methanol, and is then distilled to yield high purity NDC. Other companies (e.g. the Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) followed Amoco s introduction with lesser amounts of NDC. Teijin [4] has manufactured PEN for many years for its own captive uses in films. 

The conversion rates on a once"through basis are high as you can see from the material, balance, 2337 pounds of benzene/xylenes from 2400 pounds of toluene. 

Conversion is defined as the percent of the feed that disappears in a chemical reaction. Take the pounds of benzene, for example, coming our of the ethylbenzene reactor, divide by the pounds of benzene going into the reactor, subtract that from 1.0 and multiply by 100, and you.get percent benzene conversion. Conversion is usually measured around a reactor, not around the whole plant. In the case of the ethylbenzene plant, since there is a benzene recycle, there is virtually no benzene leaving the EB plant. So plant conversion is often not a very helpful concept, but the conversion across the reactor is. 

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