Potassium surface water

The approximate composition of surface water in the Dead Sea in 1966 (49) was given as 35 g/L calcium chloride 130 g/L magnesium chloride nearly 80 g/L sodium chloride more than 10 g/L potassium chloride nearly 4 g/L bromide and about 1 g/L sulfate. At 400 m depth the bromide concentration was 6 g/L. Bromine in Israel is produced from the Hquors left from potash production and the bromide content of these Hquors is 14 g/L. 

Consider a lake with a smaU watershed in a forest ecosystem. The forest and vegetation can be considered as an acid concentrator. SO2, NO2, and acid aerosol are deposited on vegetation surfaces during dry periods and rainfalls they are washed to the soil floor by low-pH rainwater. Much of the acidity is neutralized by dissolving and mobilizing minerals in the soil. Aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium are leached from the soil into surface waters. The ability of soils to tolerate acidic deposition is very dependent on the alkalinity of the soil. The soil structure in the... 

Prepared saltwater completion fluids are made of fresh surface water, with sufficient salts added to produce the proper salt concentration. Usually, the addition of 5 to 10% NaCl, 2% CaClj, or 2% KCl is considered satisfactory for clay inhibition in most formations. Sodium chloride solutions have been extensively used for many years as completion fluids these brines have densities up to 10 Ib/gal. Calcium chloride solutions may have densities up to 11.7 lb/ gal. The limitations of CaClj solutions are (1) flocculation of certain clays, causing permeability reduction, and (2) high pH (10 to 10.5) that may accelerate formation clays dispersion. In such cases, CaC12-based completion fluids should be replaced with potassium chloride solutions. Other clear brines can be formulated using various salts over wide range of densities, as shown in Figure 4-123 [28]. 

Cyanides (reported as cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, calcium cyanide, or copper(I) cyanide) have been detected in surface water samples at 117 of the 406 hazardous waste sites, in groundwater samples at 208 of the 406 hazardous waste sites, and in leachate samples at 43 of the... 

Perchlorate is the oxidation product of chlorate. It forms a variety of compounds, including ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid. Perchlorate is highly reactive in its solid state, and as ammonium perchlorate it is used as the oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. Because of its limited shelf life, it must be periodically washed out of the country s rocket and missile inventory and replaced. Large volumes of the chemical have been disposed of since the 1950s, and perchlorate has been detected in large concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. Perchlorate has also been used in the manufacture of matches, munitions, fireworks, and in analytical chemistry. 

It is astonishing that the potassium ion plays such an important role in biochemistry, although it was present in only low concentration in terrestrial surface waters when life originated around 1017s ago. 

Mining of potassium-salt deposits for use of K as a fertilizer brings additional amounts of to the surface of the earth, where it enters the surface waters. 

The five metal ions Na, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, and Sr2 + which occur at concentrations down to 1 mg/1 belong to the major constituents, since they contribute significantly to the salinity. Sodium, magnesium, and potassium are found in sea water in nearly constant proportions2) whereas calcium shows statistically a higher concentration in deeper waters than in surface waters by about 0.5 %. In the case of strontium the mean Sr Cl ratio seems to be lower in the surface layers by up to 3 % 4). 

Surface water Acidification of sample with HN03 addition of 199Hg oxidization with potassium permanganate solution reduction with sodium borohydride purging to plasma ICP/IDMS ng/L 86-98 Haraldsson et al. 1989... 

The simultaneous analysis of alkali and alkaline-earth metals is another important ion chromatographic application in the field of drinking and surface water analysis. The corresponding chromatogram in Fig. 8-4 shows the separation of sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in less than 20 minutes. It was obtained with a separator column IonPac CS10 which was described in Section 3.4.4. 

Perchlorate (C104 ) was used in explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics in the forms of ammonium, sodium, and potassium perchlorate. Although perchlorate can persist as a contaminant in ground and surface water, assessment of the perchlorate toxicity to soil invertebrates received little attention due to its high aqueous solubility and mobility, which diminish potential exposure of soil organisms. Limited soil invertebrate toxicity data for sodium perchlorate was determined in studies with E. fetida exposed in sand/manure mixture (20 4 weight/weight) or artificial soil (filter paper... 

Water Potassium concentrations in surface water vary from 0.98 mg L (Amazon) to 2.65 mg (Gonga). The reported world average is 1.48mgL k Potassium concentrations in ground water are commonly low, partly because of the high degree of stability of potassium-bearing alumina silicate minerals. Some of the potassium, however, is also removed from water by the conversion of clays, for example of montmorillonite into illite and chlorite. In these clays, potassium is incorporated into... 

Silage liquids, except the liquids from clover silage, contain rather a low amount of nitrogen (0.03-0.28%) and about half of this is in the ammonia form. From the aspects of nutrients the potassium content is also significant (0.10-0.37%) whereas the quantities of other nutrients (P, Ca, Mg) are very low. Silage liquids, however, have unfavourable effects particularly on stagnant surface waters (eutrophization). 

For drinking waters and clean surface waters, Kubel s method is used. In this case, the substances capable of oxidation are oxidized with boiling potassium permanganate in the presence of dilute H2SO4, Mn " " being reduced to Mn ... 

The salinity of seas, oceans, hypersadine lakes and the Dead Sea is represented mostly by chlorides inland waters contain mostly carbonates and hydrocarbonates. Salts present in industrial wastewaters can influence the quality of underground and surface water. A variety of microorganisms indicate the presence of salts in water. For example, the diatom Thalassiosire fluviatilis is an indicator of potassium salts in wastewaters. 

Figure 14 External potassium coordination sites (upper) showing the four principal ligand contacts (Gly backbone carbonyls) to a surface-bound K+ ion and the fully solvated external ion that are held in the vicinity of the pore by electrostatics. Stereoviews (lower) showing the positions of potassium ions (green) and potassium-bound waters (red) in the central cavity, selectivity fdter, and two extracellular ions (reproduced with permission from Zhou et al ).

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