Potassium, sequestration

Figure 3. The many ways to lose a HAT. Decreased amounts of functional CBP protein and subsequent CBP s loss of function has been observed in different contexts of neurological disorders and neuronal apoptosis. RTS (Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome) results from a mutation on one cbp gene allele. In several cases of polyQ diseases, CBP can be sequestred by the mutated polyQ proteins, forming aggregates in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. CBP proteasomal degradation was also shown to be favored by polyQ proteins. CBP is a caspase-6 substrate in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) deprived of potassium modeling caspase-dependent apoptosis. Finally, cbp gene repression has been observed in oxidative stress-induced death of a motomeuronal cell line. The mechanisms by which CBP levels are reduced in motomeurons of ALS mice is still unknown...

Silicates. Both sodium and potassium silicate solids or solutions have valued functionality including emulsification, buffering, deflocculation, and antiredeposition ability. Silicates also provide corrosion protection to metal parts in washing machines, as well as to the surfaces of china patterns and metal utensils in automatic dishwashers. Silicates are manufactured in liquid, crystalline, or powdered forms and with different degrees of alkalinity. The alkalinity of the silicate provides buffering capacity in the presence of acidic soils and enhances the sequestration ability of the builder system in the formulation. The sili-cate/alkali ratios of the silicates are selected by the formulator to meet specific product requirements. Silicate ratios of 1/1 are commonly used in dry blending applications with silicate ratios of 2/1 and higher commonly used in laundry and autodish applications. 

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (340i) Monopotassium dihydrogen ortophosphate monobasic potassium phosphate Buffer sequestrant neutralizing agent MTDI 70.0... 

Generally, sodium and potassium react only to a limited extent with proteins, whereas calcium and magnesium are somewhat more reactive. Transition metals, e.g., ions of Cu, Fe, Hg, and Ag, react readily with proteins, many forming stable complexes with thiol groups. Calcium cations and ferrous, cupric, and magnesium cations may be integral parts of certain protein molecules or molecular associations. Their removal by dialysis or sequestration appreciably lowers the stability of the protein structure toward heat and proteases. 

These builders are generally available as sodium, potassium, or mixed-metal salts, the latter being more soluble in water but also more costly. The widespread use of sodium TPP (STPP) in LADD formulations can be attributed to the many functions it performs during the wash cycle. Besides its efficient sequestration of hardness ions, STPP works to disperse and suspend soils, enhance the surface action of anionic surfactants, solubilize proteinaceous soils, and provide alkalinity and buffering action. Pyrophospates have been included in some LADD formulations because of its better solubility properties relative to tripolyphosphate [20],... 

EINECS 237-574-9 Pentapotassium triphosphate Potass-ium triphosphate (K5P3O10) Potassium tripoly-phosphate Triphosphoric acid, pentapotassium salt. Used in detergents, paints, cleaners, specialty fertilizers, sequestrant, Albright Wilson Americas Inc. FMC Corp. 

Cardiac glycosides increase the influx of calcium, and decrease the outflow of potassium. Because there is little sequestration of calcium in cardiac cells, intracellular calcium may increase to toxic levels, particularly with high doses of the drug, and may exchange for sodium, via the sodium-calcium exchanger. This results in an overload of intracellular sodium and calcium, which, because of the decreased outflow of potassium, is not counterbalanced. Thus, calcium overload is manifested as an early afterdepolarization of the cardiac action potential, which may result in premature depolarization of Purkinje fibers and the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias, which may result in ventricular tachyarrhythmias and death. 

Precaution Avoid dust formation Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of K2O Uses Mineral source, potassium carrier, nutrient, dietary supplement for pharmaceuticals (tablets), foods (dietetic foods), beverages, vitamin tablets sequestrant for foods paper and textile auxs. electroplating... 

CAS 38820-59-6 EINECS/ELINCS 254-135-7 Synonyms Hexamethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid, potassium salt (1,6-Hexanediylbis (nitrilobis (methylene))) tetrakisphosphonic acid potassium salt Hexapotassium hexamethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonate) HMDTMP KgHDTMP Phosphonic acid, [1,6-hexanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis potassium salt Classification Phosphonate Empirical C10H28N2O12P4 xK Properties M.w. 765.98 Toxicology LDLo (oral, rat) 10 g/kg LD50 (dermal, rabbit) > 7940 mg/kg TSCA listed Uses Process additive for paper, textiles, and metals industrial and commercial formulations for cleaning various substrates scale and corrosion inhibitor in aq. systems deflocculant, sequestrant, scale/corrosion inhibitor, metal ion control in water treatment, boiler treatments, reverse osmosis. 

Uses Automotive industry corrosion inhibitor, buffer in antifreeze corrosion/scale inhibitor, sequestrant for water and potable water treatment laboratory reagent reagent in enamel prod., paper processing potassium/phosphorus source in fertilizers buffer, pH control agent, sequestrant, yeast... 

Sodium diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate) sequestrant, derusting Sodium gluconate sequestrant, desalination Potassium hexamethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonate) sequestrant, detergents Ammonium polyaspartate Ethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid) Hexasodium diethylenetriaminepenta (methylenephosphonate) Pentasodium diethylene triamine pentamethylene phosphonate Pentasodium ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate Pentasodium pentetate Pentasodium triphosphate 2-Phosphonobutane tricarboxylic acid-1,2,4 Sodium diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate) Sodium gluconate Tetrasodium etidronate Tetrasodium pyrophosphate sequestrant, diet food Sodium gluconate... 

Potassium phosphate Potassium phosphate dibasic Sodium citrate Sodium gluconate Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate Tetrasodium EDTA sequestrant, photo chemicals Sodium gluconate sequestrant, photography Etidronic acid Pentasodium pentetate Sodium nitrilotris (methylene phosphate) ... 

Tetrasodium EDTA sequestrant, plastics Tetrasodium EDTA sequestrant, polymerization Pentasodium pentetate sequestrant, polymers Calcium disodium EDTA sequestrant, potable water treatment Polyphosphoric acid Potassium phosphate dibasic... 

Polymeric Sequestrants for Potassium Ions A Treatment for Hyperkalemia... 

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