Potassium permanganate manufacture

Colourless prisms m.p. 130 C. Manufactured by treating maleic anhydride with water. It is converted to the anhydride by heating at By prolonged heating at 150 "C or by heating with water under pressure at 200 C, it is converted to the isomeric (trans) fumaric acid. Reduced by hydrogen to succinic acid. Oxidized by alkaline solutions of potassium permanganate to mesotartaric acid. When heated with solutions of sodium hydroxide at 100 C, sodium( )-malate is formed. Used in the preparation of ( )-malic acid and in some polymer formulations. 

The most important manganese(V) compound is K MnO, a key intermediate in the manufacture of potassium permanganate. Potassium manganate(V) is an easily crystallized salt obtained by reduction of potassium permanganate using sodium sulfite in strong sodium hydroxide solution. This was the first compound to be recognized as exclusively pentavalent. 

Fig. 8. Manufacture of potassium permanganate iadicatiag both the roasting and the Hquid-phase oxidation route the latter is also known as the Cams...

Manufacture. The only current U.S. manufacturer of trimesic acid is Amoco Chemical Co. It is produced by oxidation of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) via the Hquid-phase oxidation in acetic acid using the cobalt— manganese—bromine catalyst system (138). This is a variant of the system used to produce terephthaUc and isophthaUc acids as well as trimellitic anhydride. American Bio-Synthetics Corp. did produce it by batch oxidation of mesitylene with potassium permanganate. 

Manufacture and Processing. PytomeUitic acid and its dianhydtide can be synthesized by oxidizing dutene [95-93-2] (1,2,4,5-tettamethylbenzene). Liquid-phase oxidation using strong oxidants such as nittic acid, chromic acid, or potassium permanganate produces the acid which can be dehydrated to the dianhydtide in a separate step. This technology is practiced by AUco Chemical Co., a part of International Specialty Chemicals. 

The long-standing manufacturing route to 2-thiopheneacetic acid [1918-77-0] has also involved 2-acetylthiophene. Oxidation with potassium permanganate under controlled conditions leads to 2-thiopheneglyoxyhc acid [4075-59-6], which maybe isolated as ammonium salt. The salt is then carried... 

A chemist from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, who was in Bolivia to observe clandestine cocaine operations, related the following step-by-step procedure for manufacturing cocaine. The method can be conveniently divided into three major steps (1) extraction of cocaine from the leaf and chemical conversion to the sulfate (2) treatment of cocaine sulfate with potassium permanganate and conversion to the free base (aka paste) and (3) conversion of the paste or free base to cocaine hydrochloride. In general, steps (1) and (2) are carried out in sulfate labs while step (3) is performed in crystal labs. 

Potassium pentafluoroaluminate monohydrate, 2 371 Potassium perbromate, 4 335 Potassium perchlorate, 18 277 Potassium permanganate, 9 635-636 crystallographic studies on, 15 601 as a detoxicant, 15 621 decomposition of, 15 597 as an ignitable waste, 15 615 industrial-scale production of, 15 606 manufacture of, 15 601-606 for purifying carbon dioxide streams, 4 815... 

All of the major manufacturing and exporting countries have continued to provide comprehensive information on exports of substances in Tables I and II of the 1988 Convention. For 2003, Brazil has resumed reporting on exports of scheduled substances, notably potassium permanganate. As noted in paragraph 21 above, Canada and China, major traders in precursor chemicals, are now reporting their exports to the Board. 

The Board notes that, of the 11 countries reporting seizures of potassium permanganate during 2003, 2 are in Asia (Azerbaijan and China), 4 are in the Americas (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and the United States) and 5 are in Europe (Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain and Ukraine). The seizures of potassium permanganate outside of Latin America are too small to be useful in the illicit manufacture of cocaine and are therefore more probably related to the illicit manufacture of methcathinone (ephedrone) through the oxidation of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. 

Potassium permanganate treatment methods are under development by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and have been evaluated in field demonstrations. The technology is commercially available. CAIROX is a strong oxidant that has also been used commercially for many years in the chemical manufacturing, drinking water, and wastewater industries. 

Bleaching. It is often necessary in the manufacture of lacquer nitrocellulose to remove all traces of coloured substances by bleaching. One method consists in oxidizing with potassium permanganate in the proportion of 1 kg KMn04 to 100 kg of lacquer nitrocellulose in the presence of a little sulphuric acid. After the reaction is over the nitrocellulose is rinsed with water, and the brown colour of manganese dioxide is removed by the action of sulphur dioxide or sodium sulphite. 

In 2006, the Governments of 16 countries reported on form D seizures of potassium permanganate totalling 101 tons, which was 82 tons less than in 2005. The seizures reported in South American countries accounted for more than 99 per cent of the total amount seized in the world. It is assumed that the potassium permanganate seized elsewhere had been intended for use in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants. 

Example 5. In the manufacture of potassium permanganate a solution containing manganate ion is oxidized by chlorine. Would bromine or iodine be as good ... 

Potassium permanganate can be made from potassium hydroxide and manganese dioxide ore using an electrolytic process, as described in U.S. 5,660,712 (unassigned, but clearly owned by Carus Corp.). Estimate the cost of manufacturing potassium permanganate. 

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