Potassium carbonate permanganate

The acetone is refluxed with successive small quantities of potassium permanganate until the violet colour persists. It is then dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous calcium sulphate, filtered from the desiccant, and fractionated precautions are taken to exclude moisture. 

Principal uses of KOH include chemicals, particularly the production of potassium carbonate and potassium permanganate, pesticides (qv), fertilizers (qv), and other agricultural products soaps and detergents scmbbing and cleaning operations, eg, industrial gases dyes and colorants and mbber chemicals (qv) (10,34). 

The oxidation of oxepins generally results in cleavage of the ring. An exception is the bridged oxepin derivative diethyl 3,6-hexanooxepin-4,5-dicarboxylate which is oxidized with potassium permanganate in the presence of potassium carbonate to give diethyl 8-hydroxy-9-oxo-10-oxabicyclo[6.3.2]trideca-l(ll),12-diene-12,13-dicarboxylate in 39% yield (mp 98 C).130... 

The periodate-permanganate method used was based on a method described previously [105], but three changes from the original published procedure were found to be necessary. A sample size of 50 mg was taken for all oxidations. The same quantities of oxidant, potassium carbonate, and sodium bisulfite (26 ml, 45 mg, 1.06 g, respectively) were used for all samples. An inert marker (5 mg) of methyl palmite or stearate was added to all samples prior to oxidation to serve as a rough check on the completeness of oxidation and the recovery of fragments. 

PlCOLINIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE, 79 Potassium acetate, 55 Potassium amide, 91 Potassium bromide, 81, 101 Potassium carbonate, 21 Potassium cyanide, 38, 44 Potassium permanganate, 79 Pressure reaction, 40, 81, ior i,3-Propanedione, i,3-diphenyl-, 32 Propionic acid, /3-3-acenaphthenyl-... 

Commercial acetone, boiled with 0.05% potassium permanganate for about 2 hours and distilled from potassium carbonate, was used. 

Potassium iodide can also be obtained from the aq. extract of kelp or from the mother liquid remaining after the separation of sodium chloride and potassium sulphate from sea-water by evaporation. In E. Allary and J. Pellieux process,8 the liquid is evaporated to dryness and roasted in a special furnace so as to avoid a loss of iodine. The product is fractionally extracted with cold water, when a soln. is obtained which on evaporation gives a residue with 50 per cent, of alkali iodide. This product is extracted.in a special digester with 50 per cent, alcohol. The solvent dissolves little more than the iodides. The alcohol is distilled off, and on evaporation a residue containing about 34 per cent, of potassium iodide, and 66 per cent, of sodium iodide is obtained. To convert the latter into potassium iodide, the proper quantity of a soln. of potassium carbonate is added and carbon dioxide passed into the liquid whereby sodium bicarbonate is precipitated. The precipitate is separated by a filter press, and the small amount of sodium bicarbonate remaining in the soln. is separated by the addition of a little hydrochloric acid and the sodium chloride and potassium iodide separated by fractional crystallization. In E. Sonstadt s process, the mother liquid is treated with chlorine mixed with potassium chlorate or permanganate so as to convert the iodine into iodate. A soln. of a barium salt is added, and the barium iodate treated with potassium sulphate. Barium sulphate is precipitated, and the soln. of potassium iodate is evaporated to dryness and calcined to convert the iodate to iodide. The latter is purified by crystallization. 

The position of the double bond in the 2-hydroxyglycals has been verified in two instances by isolation of the five-carbon fragment resulting on oxidation with potassium permanganate in the presence of potassium carbonate. From 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-(2-hydroxy-D-glucal) there was recovered potassium tri-O-acetyl-D-arabonate in 87.8% yield. Its identity was confirmed by conversion to the phenylhydrazide after deacetylation.1 Similarly, 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-(2-hydroxy-D-galactal) was converted to potassium D-lyxonate, the identity of which was confirmed by conversion to the lactone.9... 

To 5.69 g of this acetal in 410 ml of t-butanol and 11 ml of water was added a mixture of 5.80 g of potassium carbonate, 22,8 g of sodium periodate, and 270 mg of potassium permanganate in 1230 ml of water. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20-25°C for 20 hours and concentrated in vacuo to remove t-butanol. Ethylene glycole (0.5 ml) was added and reaction mixture extracted with 1 1 ether-benzene to remove neutral material. The aqueous layer acidified with solid sodium dihydrogen phosphate and extracted 4 times with 1 1 ethyl acetate-benzene. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness in vacuo affording (+/-)-3-acetyl-2a-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-oxo-ip-cyclopentaneheptanoic acid methyl ester, 5-cyclic ethylene acetal as a mixture of the 3a and 3p isomers. 

Pyrazinecarboxylic acid has been obtained by selenious acid oxidation in pyridine of methylpyrazine or aqueous permanganate oxidation of ethylpyrazine, in yields of 64 and 48%, respectively.171,218 It has also been obtained in 70% yield by partial decarboxylation of pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid on heating in vacuo at 210°.219 Aqueous permanganate oxidation of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine gives the 2,5-dicarboxylic acid.220 Pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid has also been prepared in 45% yield by direct carboxylation of pyrazine with carbon dioxide at 50 atm pressure at 250° for 3 hours in the presence of a potassium carbonate and calcium fluoride catalyst.221 Pyrazine-tricarboxylic acid (57), obtainable in only very poor yields by oxidation of 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, is prepared in 87% yield by alkaline permanganate oxidation of 2-(D-arabo)tetrahydroxybutyl-quinoxaline (56).222 Decarboxylation of the tricarboxylic acid by... 

Magnesium carbonate V Manganese carbonate P. 70 Manganese dioxide, powder IV, XI Nickel carbonate XI Phosphorus, red II, X Porcelain chips, unglazed E. 5, P. 56 Potassium carbonate IX Potassium chlorate III, VIII Potassium dichromate IV Potassium hydroxide II, III Potassium iodate VIII Potassium iodide IV, VIII Potassium nitrate IV, XI Potassium permanganate IV, VIII Potassium sulphate Q. 3 Silicon dioxide, precipitated IX Silicon dioxide, coarse sand P. 66, 67 Silicon dioxide, fine sand P. 8, 43 Sodium bicarbonate P. 55 Sodium bromide IV Sodium carbonate, anhydrous III, IX, XI... 

In this manner, 1-methyladenine and 1-methylhypoxanthine are synthesized. Alkylation of adenine with allyl bromide in dimethylacetamide in the presence of potassium carbonate gives 9-allyladenine (10a) which is rearranged to 9-prop-l-enyladenine (11a). Further alkylation with iodomethane gives l-methyl-9-prop-l-enyladenine (12a) which is subsequently cleaved to l-methyladenine (13a) by reaction with potassium permanganate. ... 

Undecylenic acid (10-undecenoic acid), when treated with potassium permanganate and sodium periodate in an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate at 20 °C for 20 h, gives sebacic acid (decane dioic acid) in 73% isolated yield [763]. A similar oxidation of oleic or elaidic acid yields a mixture of pelargonic acid and azelaic acid [763] (equation 474). 

A mixture of 0.2824 g (1 mmol) of oleic acid, 0.414 g (3 mmol) of potassium carbonate, 1.712 g (8 mmol) of sodium metaperiodate, and 0.021 g (0.134 mmol) of potassium permanganate in 400 mL of water is kept at 20 C for 20 h. The solution is strongly acidified with 10% sulfuric acid and extracted with ether. Evaporation of the extract gives 0.354 g of a residue, which on trituration with petroleum ether gives 0.161 g of oily pelargonic acid and 0.193 g of crystalline azelaic acid, mp 102-104.5 °C. Pure pelargonic acid is obtained by vacuum distillation, and pure azelaic acid (mp 106.5-107.5 °C), by recrystallization, first from water and then from ethyl acetate. Yields of both crude acids are quantitative, but the yields of purified products are not stated. 

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