Phosgene mixed with chlorine

It should be noted that, although the boiling point of phosgene (8.2°C) is below normal summer temperatures, the rate of evaporation of liquid phosgene is slow compared with that of chlorine (BP, -33.6°C) and to produce adequately lethal gas clouds chlorine was almost always mixed with phosgene this was in fact done during the first phosgene attack referred to above. 

In order to utilize the chlorine, large amts were used for the chlorination of benz to produce chlor- and dichlorbenzenes, used at that time as insecticides and moth exterminators. At the same time, attempts were made to nitrate the dichlorbenzene, which proved to be expl. When mixed with TNT in HE shells, it did not detonate completely, but presented interesting possibilities because the unexploded portion, atomized in the air, was a vigorous itch-producer and lachrymator, and because the exploded portion yielded phosgene... 

Phosgene was employed for the first time as a war gas in December, 1915. It was used throughout the war alone or mixed with chlorine by emission from containers, while shells were also used which contained the same mixture or one including metallic chlorides as stannic chloride or other war gases such as chloro-picrin, diphosgene, diphenylchloroarsine, etc. ... 

If the phosgene is mixed with halogens, e.g., chlorine or bromine, the latter may oxidise the anihne and so render the diphenylurea crystals impure. In this case it is necessary to pass the gas through a reagent which will remove them. This is carried out by inserting before the vessel containing the aniline a tube containing cotton wool soaked in a concentrated solution... 

WTiilp pliosgene boils at 46.7 F., which is considerably below ordinary. [Pg.217]

Chlorinated hydrocarbons mixed with an excess of air. l emperatures corresponding to maximum phosgene production. Measured in mg of COCl per g of chlorinated hydrocarbon. 

However, in the case of oil-fired stoves, it is more likely that dichloromethane vapour is mixed with the air used for the burning of the oil, and the vapour therefore passes through the flames and comes into contact with carbon monoxide. Chlorine, formed by decomposition of CHjClj, then reacts with the CO to form phosgene, and in ill-ventilated rooms dangerous concentrations of COClj can accumulate [747]. 

WWI figures for the United States are estimates because phosgene was often mixed with chlorine however, a total of 6,834 injured (average hospitalization was 49 days casualties have been directly attributed to phosgene with 66 fatalities). 

Industrial Chemicals and Derivatives of Them. For terrorist use, industrial chemicals (e.g., chlorine, phosgene, hydrogen peroxide, hydrofluoric acid might be attractive since they are widely available, and are often shipped thorough, or in the vicinity, of cities in tank car or tank truck quantities. Although such shipments are easy to track in the developed world, they are not in the developing world, and can be adapted as weapons (as ammonium nitrate—a common fertilizer, has been adapted as an explosive). In open spaces these chemicals tend to dissipate by mixing with the atmosphere in enclosed spaces they are more effective. 

In this attack, the Germans employed phosgene mixed with chlorine... 

Phosgene, COClg, is made by mixing carbon monoxide with chlorine in the sunlight or in the presence of a catalyst. Write the equation for this reaction, assigning oxidation numbers to the elements in the reactants and th product. What do you think the electronic structure of phosgene is ... 

Jensen and coworkers studied phosgene synthesis using a micropacked-bed reactor [7]. A silicon reactor consisting of a 20 mm long, 625 (im wide and 300 pm deep reaction channel (volume 3.75 mL) was employed (Figure 11.2). In order to avoid corrosion by chlorine, the microchannels were coated with a thin sflicon dioidde film (5000.. A fixed bed of activated carbon catalyst (1.3 mg, 53-73 pm) supported on alumina particles ( 3mg, 53-71 pm) was placed inside the microchannel. Chlorine and CO were mixed and fed into the microchannel network. The exit stream could be analyzed on-line using a mass spectrometer. 

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