Posttraumatic stress disorder chronic

Gillin J. C., Smith-Vaniz A., Schnierow B. et al. (2001). An open-label, 12-week clinical and sleep EEG study of nefazodone in chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62, 789-96. 

Mental disorders, for example, multiple subtypes of anxiety, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, sometimes together with chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and schizophrenia... 

Gurvits TV, Shenton ME, Hokama H, Ohta H, Lasko NB, Gilbertson MW, Orr SP, Kiki-nis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley W, Pitman RK (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 40 1091 -1099... 

Lemieux AM, Coe CL (1995) Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder evidence for chronic nem-oendocrine activation in women. Psychosom Med 57 105-115 Liberzon 1, Abelson JL, Flagel SB, Raz J, Young EA (1999) Neuroendocrine and psychophys-iologic responses in PTSD a symptom provocation study. Neiuopsychopharmacology 21 40-50... 

Benjamin J, Ben-Zion IZ, Karbofsky E, Dannon P (2000) Double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of paroxetine for specific phobia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 149 194-196 Berlant J, van Kammen DP (2002) Open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in chronic civilian posttraumatic stress disorder a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 63 15-20... 

Lemieux, A.M. and Coe, C.L. (1995) Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder evidence for chronic neuroendocrine activation in women. Psychosom Med 57 105-115. 

Two long-term effects are theoretical considerations. One is that exposure to the cannabinoids may somehow have caused a chronic or delayed posttraumatic stress disorder. In the dosage and frequency used, this is unlikely. The postexperimental effect that was most undesirable was postural hypotension. This resulted in dizziness and faintness, from which all subjects recovered. Such a stress is Insufficient to provoke a delayed or chronic posttraumatlc stress syndrome, nor is there any evidence that any such syndrome occurred. 

Marshall RD, Schneier FR, Fallon BA, et al. An open trial of paroxetine in patients with noncombat-related, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacoi 1998 18 10-18. 

Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW, Kuskowski M, Engdahl BE (1998) Polysomnographic sleep is not clinically impaired in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 44 1066-1073... 

Krakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L, Koss M, Schrader R, Warner TD, Tandberg D, Lauriello J, McBride L, Cutchen L et al. (2001) Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA 286 537-545... 

Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Turner J, Mintz J, Saunders CS. Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 474-9. 

Noradrenergic model. This model suggests that the autonomic nervous system of anxious patients is hypersensitive and overreacts to various stimuli. The locus ceruleus may have a role in regulating anxiety, as it activates norepinephrine release and stimulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Chronic noradrenergic overactivity down regulates 02-adrenoreceptors in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) appear to have a hyperresponsive adrenocortical response to psychological stress. 

Yokoyama, K., S. Araki, K. Murata, M. Nishikitani, T. Okumura, S. Ishimatsu, N. Takasu, and R.F. White. 1998a. Chronic neurobehavioral effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Environ. Health 53 249-256 Yokoyama, K., S. Araki, K. Murata, M. Nishikitani, T. Okumura, S. Ishimatsu, and N. Takasu. 1998b. Chronic neurobehavioral and central and autonomic nervous system effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning. J. Physiol. (Paris) 92 317-323. 

Yokoyama, K., Araki, S., Murata, K., Nishikitani, M., Okumura, T., Ishimatus, S. et al. (1998). Chronic neurobehavioral effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Environ. Health 53 2489-560. 

Pall ML, Satterlee JD. Elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite mechanism for the common etiology of multiple chemical sensitivity, chronic fatigue syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 933 323-9. 

Pall ML. Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite. Med Hypotheses 2001 57(2) 139-45. 

Tucker P, Zaninelli R, Yehuda R, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder Results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001 62 860-868. 

Berlant J, van Kammen DP. Open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in chronic civilian posttraumatic stress disorder A preliminary report. J Chn Psychiatry 2002 63 15-20. 

Disaster victims may show symptoms of acute stress disorder as defined by DSM-IV-TR. Some individuals develop acute responses when they learn of past chronic exposure. Others may attribute stress symptoms to physiological effects of the chemical agent (Weisaeth 1994). Symptoms also can result from ordinary stressful events following a major disaster (Soloman and Canino 1990). The acute phase of stress may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder or other mood disorder symptoms. Outcome varies with the degree of disaster training, the severity of the threat, and the amount of control experienced by the individual (Weisaeth 1994). Predictors of poorer outcomes include lack of community involvement and poor social supports and communication (Weisaeth 1994). Self-blaming for the trauma predicts better outcome by maintaining the illusion of control (Solomon and Smith 1994). 

Chronic Posttraumatic stress disorder similar but persistent symptoms as those described for acute stress disorder... 

Currently, there is a general consensus among physicians (psychiatrists and cardiologists) and psychologists that (i) persons experiencing chronic stress as in Type A Personality, or those who have a 50 or greater Cook Medley Hostility (HO) scale [43] and (ii) individuals afflicted with acute stress syndrome [3-5] such as hi anxiety or severe depression, which are often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), may be good candidates for various serious diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer. 

It is proposed, that the CVN be correlated with the test results derived from various stress assessment measurements, such as the Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) scale [1], Crown-Crisp Index for phobic anxiety [3], and Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Anger Content Scale [4]. Through such correlations, we may be able to determine the magnitude of stress in subjects experiencing chronic stressful conditions, as in Type A behavior pattern, hostility, anger or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and individuals afflicted with acute... 

Psychiatrists prescribe antipsychotics to treat mental illnesses that cause patients to experience marked breaks with reality (psychosis). The most common of such disorders is schizophrenia, which is a chronic, disabling, persistent, and severe brain disease that sigpiificantly impairs brain functioning and affects 1 percent of the world s population, including 3 million people in the United States alone. Antipsychotic medications are referred to as typical or atypical. Psychiatrists prescribe anxiolytics (antianxiety medications) to treat anxiety disorders, which include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatrists prescribe antidepressants and mood stabilizers to treat the symptoms of mood disorders, the most common and severe of which are major depression and bipolar disorder. 

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