Posttraumatic stress disorder Americans

Yehuda R (1999a) Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder. American Psychiatric Press, Washington... 

Briere, J. Psychological Assessment of Adult Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1997. 

Feldmann, T.B. Violence as a Disintegration Product of the Self in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder American Journal of Psychotherapy (1988) XLII (2) 281-289... 

Yehuda, R. Enhanced Suppression of Cortisol Following Dexamethasone Administration in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder American J. Psychiatry (1993) 150 83-86 Yehuda, R. Neuroendocrine Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Primary Psychiatry (2002) 9(2) pp. 30-34... 

Data from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association, 2000 429-484 and Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y, etai Consensus statement update on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Croup on Depression and Anxiety. J (Tin Psychiatry 2004 65(Suppi l) 55-62. 

Perry, B.D. (1994) Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma PTSD in children. In Murburg, M.M., ed.. Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Emerging Concepts. Washington DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 235—255. 

Breslau, N. (1998) Epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychological trauma. In Yehuda, R, ed. Risk factors for Post-traumatic stress disorder Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press pp. 1—29. 

Friedman, M.J. (1990) Interrelationships between biological mechanisms and pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder. In Wolfe, M.E. and Mosnian, A.D. eds. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Etiology, Phenomenology, and Treatment. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press pp. 204-225. 

Matthews and Mossefin (2006) have summarized the evidence supporting psychotherapy models in PTSD using the American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Tf eatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as follows ... 

Although neuroticism is not a disease per se, it predisposes individuals to anxiety disorders (12, 13). Neuroticism is a vulnerability factor for all forms of anxiety (14-16). A system established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders in the United States, currently in its 4th edition (DSM-IV) text revision (TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), sets the boundary at which a particular level of behavior becomes an anxiety disorder—a level often based on the number and the duration of symptoms. DSM is a categorical system based on the qualitative separation of disease states from the state of well-being. The DSM-IVTR category of anxiety disorders currently includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), simple phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as discrete anxiety disorders. The International Classification of Diseases-10 (IC-10) is a similar system, but it is less frequently used in research (17). 

Recent studies have shown that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in African Americans may be associated with different symptoms and maybe misdiagnosed, with the consequent greater likelihood of antipsychotic treatment (Lawson 1999). In all populations, typical symptoms in PTSD may easily be mistaken for psychotic symptoms. Flashbacks in patients with PTSD may be mistaken for hallucinatory experiences, emotional blunting for a flattened affect, and hyperreactivity for psychotic excitement. Consequently, patients are at risk of being misdiagnosed with schizophrenia (Allen 1996). 

Adebimpe VR Race, racism, and epidemiological surveys. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45 27-31,1994 Allen IM PTSD among African Americans, in Ethnocultural Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Issues, Research, and Clinical Applications. Edited by Marsella AJ, Friedman MJ, Gerrity ET, et al. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1996, pp 209-238... 

Palinkas LA, Petterson JS, Russell J, et al Community patterns of psychiatric disorders after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Am J Psychiatry 150 1517-1523, 1993 Robins LN, Fischbach RL, Smith EM, et al Impact of disaster on previously assessed mental health, in Disaster Stress Studies New Methods and Findings. Edited by Shore JH. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1986, pp 21-48 Sethi BB, Sharma M, Trivedi JK, et al Psychiatric morbidity in patients attending clinics in gas affected areas in Bhopal. Indian J Med Res 86 (suppl) 45-50, 1987 Smith EM, Robins LN, Przybeck TR, et al Psychosocial consequences of a disaster, in Disaster Stress Studies New Methods and Findings. Edited by Shore JH. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1986, pp 49-76 Soloman SD, Canino GJ Appropriateness of DSM-III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry 31 227-237, 1990... 

In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the person generally has directly experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, and the symptoms must last more than a month. The reported discomfort frequently persists, creating difficulty in falling asleep and temper-control problems as reflected in irritability or angry outbursts. Individuals who suffer from this condition frequently want to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the stressful event (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). 

To future students of American history, 1999 may well seem like a peaceful year. This is not the way the medicalizers of life see it. The world as we approach the millennium, intones a physician in JAMA, Is full of horrific events, in addition to warfare, that can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Survivors of natural disasters and life-threatening violence, including recent attacks at schools, religious centers, and other venues not normally associated with bloodshed in the United States, may develop VTSD, particularly if they do not receive immediate mental health careA ... 

March, J. S., Amaya-Jackson, L., Murray, M. C., Schulte, A. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after a single-incident stressor. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(6), 585-593. 

American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic disorder. Retrieved March 17, 2007 from www.psych.org/psych.pract/treatg/pg/PTSD-PG-PartsA-B-C-New.pdf... 

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