Of posttraumatic stress disorder

Clinicians have more recently become more aware of elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in both men and women with opioid dependence (Hien et al. 2000). A lifetime prevalence of PTSD of 20% in women and 11% in men was found in one sample of methadone maintenance patients (Villagomez et al. 1995). Patients often deny a PTSD history during initial assessment. They should be reassessed after they have had the opportunity to develop trust in their treating clinicians. 

Doblin, R., A clinical plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) partnering with the FDA, J. Psychoactive Drugs 34(2), 185-94, 2002. 

Antidepressants Used in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder... 

In the second study, Ruscio, Ruscio, and Keane (2002) examined the taxonicity of PTSD in a large sample of male combat veterans (N = 1,230), who were seen at the Behavioral Sciences Division of the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System s National Center for posttraumatic stress disorder between 1985 and 2000. All the participants completed the Mississippi scale (Keane, Caddell,. Taylor, 1988), a 35-item measure of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms rated on a five-point scale a subset of this sample (n = 841) was assessed with the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS), an interview measure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms that a clinician rates on a five-point scale. According to the CAPS, 68% of the sample qualified for a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis. 

Davidson JRT. Long-term treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004 65(Supplement 1) 44-48. 

Hidalgo RB, Davidson JRT. Diagnostic and psychopharmacologic aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2004 34 834-844. 

Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Davis M (1993) Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 294-299... 

Boyer W (1995) Serotonin uptake inhibitors are superior to imipramine and alprazolam in alleviating panic attacks a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10 45-49 Brady K, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM, Baker D, Rothbaum B, Sikes CR, Farfel GM (2000) Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 1837-1844... 

Ferreri M, Hantouche EG (1998) Recent clinical trials of hydroxyzine in generalized anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 393 Suppl 102-108 Foa EB (2000) Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 61 Suppl 5 43-48... 

The effects of P-adrenergic blockade on the consolidation of traumatic memories has been an area of special interest for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recently the first randomized controlled study on the effects of propranolol in the prevention of PTSD was published. Pittmann and coworkers (2002) could demonstrate that propranolol may reduce PTSD... 

Foa, E.B., Davidson, J.R.T, and Frances, A. (1999) The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. / Clin Psychiatry 60 (Suppl 16) 6-76. 

Solomon, Z. and Bleich, A. (1998) Comorhidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in israeli veterans. CHS Spectrums 3(7) (Suppl 2) 15-21. 

Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, et al Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 294-305, 1993 Chassen JB Intensive design statistics and the single case, in Research Designs and Methods in Psychiatry. Edited by Fava M, Rosenbaum JF. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1992, pp 173-183... 

Davidson JRT, Kudler H, Smith R, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 47 259-266. 

Hertzberg MA, Butterfield Ml, Feldman ME, et al. A preliminary study of lamotrigine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 999 ,45 226- 229. 

Davidson JRT. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder treatment options, long-term follow up, and predictors of outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 61[Suppl 5] 52-56. 

Classen C, Koopman C, Hales R, et al. Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998 155 620-624. 

The neuroendocrinology of posttraumatic stress disorder new directions. CNS Spear. 2003 8 651-656, 665-667. 

Ross RJ, Ball WA, Sullivan KA, Caroff SN (1989) Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 146 697-707... 

Mellman TA, Bustamante V, Fins AI, Pigeon WR, Nolan B (2002) REM sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159 1696-1701... 

Davidson JR, Weisler RH, Malik ML, Connor KM (1998) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with nefazodone. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 13 111-113... 

Newport, D. J. Nemerofif, C. B. (2000). Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. 

Adebimpe VR Race, racism, and epidemiological surveys. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45 27-31,1994 Allen IM PTSD among African Americans, in Ethnocultural Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Issues, Research, and Clinical Applications. Edited by Marsella AJ, Friedman MJ, Gerrity ET, et al. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1996, pp 209-238... 

Pall ML. Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite. Med Hypotheses 2001 57(2) 139-45. 

Foa, EB, Davidson, JRT, Frances A (Eds.). Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Expert Consensus Guideline Series). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl. 16) 1-76, 1999... 

Schmidt U, Holsboer F, Rein T (2011) Epigenetic aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder. Dis Markers 30(2-3) 77-87... 

---