Portland cement phases

Gougar MLD, Scheetz BE, Roy DM (1996) Ettringite and C-S-H Portland cement phases for waste ion immobilization a review. Waste Manage 16 295-303... 

Indirect methods - these are usually based on the measurement of total chemistry which is then apportioned according to an assumed composition for each phase. A very widely used form of this normative calculation is the Bogue method for the estimation of Portland cement phases. The limitations in this approach arise when the actual compositions of individual phases vary from those assumed in the calculation. This frequently occurs in the cement industry, where variance in local materials and production conditions can affect detailed phase compositions. In addition, normative calculation has the potential to be unstable when several phases in the mixture have similar chemical composition. 

In former USSR expansive cements were divided into 3 classes 20,40 and 60 their potential of self-prestressing was 2, 4 and 6 MPa respectively, Expansive clinker containing C A S, Portland cement phases, CaO, and anhydrite, The first producer nowadays this cement is manufactured in many countries among them in significant amount in Russia, AlEv—calcium aluminate expansive cements, PEv—Portland expansive cements, Very similar to that patented by Lafarge... 

It should be pointed out that the potassium hydroxide method should be applied to materials representing only the compositional field where the usual Portland cement phases and fluoroaluminate can occur, as identification does not rely on unique optical properties of the various phases. 

A chemical analysis alone cannot describe the form, particle size, or mineralogy of the feed. SiO from a chemical analysis does not necessarily mean quartz, nor does Fe Oj necessarily imply hematite. Analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) quite accurately records most of the detectable mineralogical varieties and with calibrated standards allows an estimation of abundance. But XRD cannot elucidate the particle form or size, and virtually misses the occurrence of amorphous materials such as glass or poorly crystalline materials such as limonite, FeO(OH), a major constituent in many iron sources for portland cement. Phases below the detection limit by XRD can easily be seen in the microscope. However, chemical and XRD analyses of each of the raw materials individually, in sieved fractions, and in their blended combination in the feed, are immensely helpful, indeed strongly recommended, for routine... 

Ghosh, S.K., "Portland Cement Phases Polymorphism, Solid Solution, Defect Structure, and Hydraulicity," Advances in Cement Technology, ed. S.K. Ghosh, Pergamon Press, New York, 1983, pp. 289-305. 

Ferraris, C. E, V. A. Hackley, A. I. Aviles and C. E. Buchanan (2002a). Analysis of the ASTM Round Robin Test on Particle Size Distribution of Portland Cement Phase r. NIST Interagency or Internal Report 6883. 

Table 2. Properties of the More Common Phases in Portland Cement Clinker ...

Special purpose and blended Portland cements are manufactured essentially by the same processes as ordinary Portland cements but have specific compositional and process differences. White cements are made from raw materials of very low iron content. This type is often difficult to bum because almost the entire Hquid phase must be furnished by calcium aluminates. As a consequence of the generally lower total Hquid-phase content, high burning-zone temperatures may be necessary. Past cooling and occasionally oil sprays are needed to maintain both quaHty and color. 

ASTM C845 Type E-I (K) expansive cement manufactured ia the United States usually depends on aluminate and sulfate phases that result ia more ettriagite formation duriag hydration than ia normal Portland cements. Type K contains an anhydrous calcium sulfoaluminate, C A SI. This cement can be made either by iategraHy burning to produce the desired phase composition, or by intergrinding a special component with ordinary Portland cement clinkers and calcium sulfate. 

This section considers a number of extremely important structure types in which A1 combines with one or more other metals to form a mixed oxide phase. The most significant of these from both a theoretical and an industrial viewpoint are spinel (MgAl204) and related compounds, Na- -alumina (NaAlnOi ) and related phases, and tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al20g) which is a major constituent of Portland cement. Each of these compounds raises points of fundamental importance in solid-state chemistry and each possesses properties of crucial significance to... 

Aliphatic solvents, alkyllithium compounds and, 14 250-251 Aliphatic sulfonates, 26 145 Aliquot samples, 13 413-415 analysis of, 13 416 Aliskren, 5 158 Alitame, 12 42 24 232 Alite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 471, 472t, 473t Alitretinoin, 25 790 Alizarin, color of, 7 331 Alizarin derivatives, 9 337 Alizarin pure Blue B, 4 361t Alkadienes, metathesis of, 26 923 Alkali/alkaline-earth cation recognition,... 

Alkali aluminate (5-calcium disilicate monosulfate), phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Alkali aluminate (8-calcium disodium trialuminate), phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Alkali belite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Alkali blue toners, 14 318 Alkali borate glasses, 12 572, 573, 584 Alkali catalysed pad-dry-bake procedure, 9 485... 

U.S. imports for consumption, 4 528t Calcium(II), concentration formation constant of chelates, 5 717t 12-Calcium-7-aluminate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium absorption, 26 292 Calcium addition, in silicon production, 22 505-506... 

Calcium aluminate chloride, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium aluminate fluoride, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium aluminoferrite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium aluminoferrite hydrate, 5 477t Calcium—aluminum alloys, 4 530 Calcium amalgam, 22 773 Calcium ammonium nitrate, 2 724 Calcium analysis, of water, 26 37 Calcium A zeolite, separation of hydrocarbons by, 16 823 Calcium—barium—silicon alloy, 22 519 Calcium-bearing manganese silicon,... 

Calcium cyanamid process, for ammonia synthesis, 11 114, 115 Calcium cyanide, 8 194-197 Calcium cyanide diammoniate, 8 195 Calcium dichromate, molecular formula, properties, and uses, 6 561t 5-Calcium disilicate monosulfate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t 5-Calcium disilicate monocarbonate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium disilicide, 4 530 8-Calcium disodium trialuminate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium doping, 23 842-844 Calcium P-alumina, 2 406t Calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 7 596t... 

Dibutylstibinic acid, 3 73 Dibutyltin diacetate, 24 823 Dibutyltin dilaurate, 24 823 Dicadmium triantimonide, 4 510 Dicalcium alumino monosilicate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Dicalcium ferrite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Dicalcium hexaborate pentahydrate,... 

Mayenite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t... 

Metathenardite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Metathesis, 26 920-958 alkene, 26 924-937... 

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