Polyvinylchloride composition

P. Sheng, E. K. Sichel, J. 1. Gittleman. Fluctuation-induced tunneling conduction in Carbon-Polyvinylchloride composites. Phys. Rev. Lett., 40,1197-1200,1978. 

FIG. 7.1 Emission spectrum of a red flare. Emission is concentrated in the 600-700 nm region. The primary emitting species are SrCI and SrOH molecules in the vapor state. The composition of the flare was potassium perchlorate (20.5%), strontium nitrate (34.7%), magnesium (24.4%), polyvinylchloride (11.4%), and asphaltum (9.0%). Source H. A. Webster III, "Visible Spectra of Standard Navy Colored Flares," Proceedings, Explosives and Pyrotechnics Applications Section, American Defense Preparedness Association, Fort Worth, Texas, September, 1983. 

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 596, Session W13-Composites. Joint with Engineering Properties and Structure. Nanocomposites I, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012 MODIFIED CLAY IN POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC)... 

Evolved gas analysis, particularly in the form of TGA-DTA-MS, has obvious synthetic polymer applications. It has been applied to study the thermal behavior of homopolymers, copolymers, polymeric blends, composites, residual polymers, solvents, additives, and toxic degradation polymers. In the latter context, hydrogen chloride evolution from heated polyvinylchloride materials is readily quantified by TGA-DTA-MS and such data are of major significance in... 

The rates of production of volatile material from polyvinylacetate, polyvinylchloride and vinylacetate vinylchloride copolymers, covering the entire composition range, have been compared by thermal volatilization analysis. It has been found that, at both extremes of the composition range, incorporation of the comonomer unit induces de-stabilization. Minimum stability occurs for composition of approximately 40—50 mole % vinylacetate. The rate of volatilization as a function of the composition of the copolymers is given in Fig. 74. The results were confirmed by a study of the thermal degradation in tritolylphosphate solution. The stability of the copolymers is a minimum at 30—40 mole % vinylacetate. HC1 and acetic acid catalyse the degradation of the... 

Most composite decking manufacturers utilize high-density polyethylene, (HDPE), polypropylene, or polyvinylchloride (PVC) as polymer matrix, and wood flour or rice hulls as the principal filler for their products. Some manufacturers also add mineral fillers, such as talc. These and other changes in compositions make composite materials to vary in their appearance, shape, strength, deflection, moisture absorption, fade resistance, microbial resistance, slip resistance, flammability, and other properties, which will be discussed later in this book. 

Thermoplastics, in particular the commodity plastics, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS), are the most commonly used in packaging (over 90% of packaging is thermoplastics, followed by a small amount of thermosets, composites, rubber and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE). 

The building and construction sector is the second largest user of plastics (over 20% of the total consumed, which amounts to more than 6 M tonnes in the EU). Most of these plastics are commodity (the biggest share belongs to polyvinylchloride (PVC), followed by polystyrene (PS), polyolefins, polyurethanes (PU), epoxides, and others (i.e., reinforced plastics composites). They are mainly used in structural-load bearing, as well as for cosmetic, protective, rehabilitation repair, retrofitting, and insulation applications. 

Incorporation of 0.1—4% zeolites 13X, 5A, 4A, lOX, XW and ala) natural zeolites and synthetic pdyn rs (polystyrene, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, poly propylene, acrylonitrile, butadiene styrene copolymer, poly (methyl methacrylate or polyetl lene) containing 0.1-4% antistatic agent improves antistatic properties. However tire zeolites alone fail to do so In another instance a composition of polyvinylchloride 100, dioctylthalate 80, stabilizer 2, Pd-stearate-1, and zeolite 100 parts is rolled at 160 ° and pressed to give a white sheet having surface resistivity 3.8 x 10 ohm-cm coitq>ared with 1.5 X 10 ohm-cm for a similar sheet containing calcium carbonate in place of zedite, vdiich reflects the definite role of these zeolites in improving the antistatic properties of the composition. 

CA films by using the phase inversion process. These CA films were cast from solvent/nonsolvent solutions to yield size exclusion membranes consisting of a thin permselective outer layer and a more porous sublayer. These membranes permitted the rapid permeation of a 1500-dalton poly (ethylene glycol) ester of ferrocene however the reproducibility of results presents a problem with these CA mem-branes. Christie et demonstrated that thin films of plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC), normally used for potentiometric ion-selective electrode applications, applied to electrodes over a polycarbonate dialysis membrane offered improved selectivity ratios for the amperometric detection of phenolic compounds and H2O2 in the presence of the common biological interferents, ascorbic acid and uric acid, over those observed at the dialysis membrane alone or at a composite dialysis/membrane. 

The coating speed lies preferably within the range from 30 to 120 m/min, and the coating thickness between 15 and 150 p.m depending on the type of coating and its thickness. Numerous technological processes and resin compositions are used in coil coating. " Polyesters and polyvinylchloride are the most frequently used polymeric materials followed by polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethanes, epoxy, acrylics, and polyamides. ... 

Plasticizers are nsed in polyvinylchloride plastisols and acrylic plastisol compositions. A wide range of plasticizers may be employed, ranging from the inexpensive types such as dioctyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, dioctyl adipate, and... 

Various workers have discussed the fire retardancy of polyvinylchloride (PVC) [55-59] using ammonium treated clay montmorillonite nanocomposites [52], hydroxyapatite nanocomposites [56] and antimony trioxide [57]. Lum [60] examined the effect of flame retardant additives on polymer pyrolysis reactions with a PVC composition containing 3 phr of SbiOs. It is well known that a synergistic flame retardancy effect is observed when SbiOs is incorporated into organic halide materials such as PVC. 

The construction of ISEs used in clinical measurements is of the membrane electrode type, i.e., the ion-sensitive membrane separates the sample from an internal reference electrolyte, which is the site of the internal reference element, usually a silver wire covered by silver chloride. The membrane can be shaped to different forms such as flat, convex, tubular, etc. Sodium sensitive membranes are made from special composition glass, the other ion-sensitive membranes from a polymer matrix such as plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) or silicon rubber. The particular selectivity of polymer membranes is first of all due to a small percentage of active material, e.g., valinomycin, dissolved in the polymer. Important secondary effects have been attributed to the type and permittivity of the polymer. The useful lifetime of the sensors also depends on the polymer. The time response [13] may again depend on membrane composition. 

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