Polyvinyl aromatic compounds

Examples are the sulfonating of polyethylene film with chloro-sulfonic acid (60) the sulfonating of sheets of phenolformaldehyde resin (77) the treatment of a film consisting of polystyrene and polyvinylchloride with concentrated sulfuric acid (4) the sulfonating of films consisting of aliphatic vinylpolymers with chlorosulfonic acid (125) the sulfonating of copolymers of a monovinyl- and a polyvinyl compound (30). Also are used copolymers of aromatic monovinyl-compounds and linear aliphatic polyene hydrocarbons (3) copolymers of an unsaturated aromatic compound and an unsaturated aliphatic compound (76), and of reaction products of poly olefines and partially polymerized styrene (173). 

A more detailed analysis of the composition of the volatile portion by the method of mass spectrometry showed that the products liberated from polyvinyl chloride at 400°C under vacuum in 30 min contain not only hydrogen chloride, but also 26 different aliphatic and aromatic compounds saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, diehloroethane, allqrl-and alkylenebenzenes are detected ethylene, propylene, ethane, pentane, hexane, benzene, and toluene predominate quantitatively [30]. It has been found by the methods of chromatography and IR- and UV-spectrom-etry that when the pyrolysis temperature is raised to 450-500°C, substances with three to five condensed aromatic nuclei appear among the volatile decomposition products of polyvinyl chloride [31]. 

Carbonaceous materials are obtained via heat treatment from various sources, including coal, liquefied coal, coke, petroleum, resins, carbon blacks, paraffins, olefins, pitch, tar, polycyclic aromatic compounds (naphthalene, biphenyl, naphthalene sulfonic acid, anthracene sulfonic acid, phenanthrene sulfonic acid, etc.), polymers (polyethylene, polymethylacrylale, polyvinyl chloride, phenol resin, polyacrylonitrile, etc.) [99-101J. This kind of fluids is claimed to. show a strong ER effect, low electric power consumption and excellent durability [101]. Several publications addressed the ER effect and physical properties of carbonaceous ER fluids [102-104]. 

Pyrolysis products such as benzene, toluene, styrene, and naphthalene were observed. The amount of these aromatic compounds formed directly reflects the concentration of chlorine atoms and their distribution in the CPE. The composition and structure calculations were based on those degraded trimer peak intensities obtained by Py-GC. This Py-GC method can be used to quantitatively determine the chlorine content in CPE. The same method can also explore the microstructure through number-average sequence length (NASL) of ethylene and vinyl chloride monomers. Other structure-related terms, such as the percentage of grouped vinyl chloride monomers, i.e., the percentage of chlorine atoms structured as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-like structures, can also be calculated. 

Although the great majority of petroleum and coal-based pitch materials, as well as model compounds such as polyvinyl chloride, acenaphthylene, decacyclene and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, form anisotropic graphitizable carbons, it is an almost impossible task to predict the type of optical texture of a coke from an elemental analysis of the pitch. The size, shape and reactivity of peri-condensed polynuclear aromatic molecules in the products of pyrolysis of a pitch play a more important role in determining optical texture. 

The latter compound and its substituted derivatives readily react with polyvinyl acetate radicals. Substituents in the aromatic ring were found to influence the reactivity of the hydroxylamine slightly p = — 0-16 0-04 (Simonyi et al., 1967a). In comparing this value with those of phenols, the decreased substituent effect can be rationalized by considering two factors. First, the 0—H bond is more remote from the aromatic ring in hydroxylamine than in phenol. Second, the stability of phenyl nitroxide radicals is higher than that of phenoxy radicals. It is... 

The aceheptylene 23 is a system of 14 carbon atoms of which 13 carbons compose its conjugated periphery. Accordingly, 23 can be considered as a perturbed [13] an-nulene or as a (4n + 1 )tc conjugated system (n = 3) with an inner carbon atom. This system seems most suitable to examine the basic problem of patterns of delocalization in polycyclic anions. In view of the mentioned Platt s peripheral definition 87) such a compound is expected to be a noparomatic polyvinylic system, not exhibiting any aromatic or antiaromatic properties. This expectation is unambiguously confirmed. 

Thiolane 1,1-dioxide, known by the trivial name sulfolane, is obtained industrially by catalytic hydrogenation of 3-sulfolene. Sulfolane, colourless crystals, mp 27.5°C, bp 285°C, is water soluble. Sulfolane is a polar aprotic solvent and is used for the extraction of sulfur compounds from industrial gases and for the extraction of aromatic substances from pyrolysis fractions. It also serves as a solvent for cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyacrylonitrile. 

Konev > and co-workers have reported the luminescence properties of the aromatic amino acids and related compounds in a number of nonpolar solvents and in solid films of polyAdnyl alcohol. No surprising features are found in these media the results in polyvinyl alcohol are very similar to those in frozen aqueous solutions whereas those in nonpolar solvents incapable of forming hydrogen bonds differ by showing the expected blue shifts and additional fine structure. 

Etiiylene Vinyl acetate Urea- Polyediylene Polyvinyl acetate Resin Ediylene Alcohol, ester, or aromatic Water Peroxy genic Peroxygenic compound 500-2,000 atm 210-480 Precipitation ... 

Phenolic resins have been developed to a highly versatile degree as lacquer and paint bases. Pure Novolak is only soluble in polar solvents such as acetone, alcohol, low esters, etc. However, the market potential of alcohol-based lacquers is limited, and such lacquers are too brittle for many uses. For this reason, so-called plasticized and elasticized phenolic resins ( substituted phenolics ) were developed. Plastification is achieved either by partial etherification (e.g., with t-butyl alcohol), esterification (e.g., with fatty acids), or both etherification and esterification (e.g., with adipic acid and trimethylol propanol). These plasticized phenolic resins have increased elasticity, are soluble in aromatics, are compatible with polyvinyl compounds and fatty acids, and are suitable for use as stoving enamels. 

Most plasticizers are used with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Some go into such plastics as cellulosics, nylon, polyolefins, and styrenics. Plasticizers are typically di- and tri-esters of aromatic or aliphatic acids and anhydrides. Epoxidized oil, phosphate esters, hydrocarbon oils, and some other materials also function as plasticizers. In some cases, it is difficult to discern whether a particular polymer additive functions as a plasticizer, lubricant, or flame retardant. The most popular plasticizers are the phthalates, followed by the epoxies, adipates, azelates, trimeflitates, phosphates, polyesters, and others. There are a number of discrete chemical compounds within each of these categories. As a result, the total number of plasticizers available is substantial. 

As has been indicated in a number of studies, sulfur-containing compounds give a synergic effect with amines and phenols in the stabilization of high-molecular compounds [89, 279]. The following have been proposed and are used as stabilizers of polyvinyl chloride mercaptides of antimony [280, 281], condensation products of aldehydes or ketones with mercaptans [63], thioesters [282], salts of thioacids [283], aromatic esters of aliphatic sulfonic acids [284], esters of xanthic acids [285] the use of the polysulfide of the composition... 

Others. Other polymers are being investigated as potential precursors for glassy carbon, such ets polyvinyiidene chloride (CH2CCl2) , polyvinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH), polyphenylene oxide and aromatic epoxy. The latter two compounds have a high carbon yield. 

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