Polystyrene-aluminium chloride

Polystyrene-AlClj is a useful catalyst for synthetic reactions, which require both a dehydrating agent and a Lewis acid. Thus, acetals are obtained in good yield by the reaction of aldehyde, alcohol and polymeric AlClj in an organic inert solvent. 

Polystyrene-AlClj is also an effective catalyst for hydrolysis of acetals, e.g., heating the diethyl acetal of o-chlorobenzaldehyde with polymeric-AlClj in benzene-methanol-water (2 6 1) for 17.5 hr gave o-chlorobenzaldehyde in 60% yield. Without the use of catalyst, the yield of aldehyde is only 4%. 

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A polymeric super acid catalyst is obtained by binding aluminium chloride to sulfonated polystyrene. This polymeric super acid catalyst is used for the cracking and isomerisation of alkanes (e.g. n-hexane) at 357 °C at atmospheric pressure. Normally the above cracking and isomerisation is carried out in the presence of Lewis acid at high temperature and high pressure. 

A superacid polymer catalyst was obtained by binding aluminium chloride to sulfonated, macroporous co(polystyrene-DVB) (Magnotta et u/., 1976 Magnotta and Gates, 1977a,b). The catalyst was active in bringing about cracking and isomerization of -hexane at 357 C at atmospheric pressure. 

PS/AICI3 = Polystyrene-supported aluminium chloride DMAC = W,W-Dimethylacetamide... 

HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HNS NTO NTO/HMX NTO/HMX NTO/HMX PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX TATB/HMX Cariflex (thermoplastic elastomer) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Hydroxy-terminated polyester Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester resin-styrene Polyethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl) alcohol Poly(vinyl) butyral resin Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Estane (polyester polyurethane copolymer) Hytemp (thermoplastic elastomer) Butyl rubber with acetyl tributylcitrate Epoxy resin-diethylenetriamine Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Latex with bis-(2-ethylhexyl adipate) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester and styrene copolymer Poly(ethyl acrylate) with dibutyl phthalate Silicone rubber Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Epoxy ether Exon (polychlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidine chloride) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Kel-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Nylon (polyamide) Nylon and aluminium Nitro-fluoroalkyl epoxides Polyacrylate and paraffin Polyamide resin Polyisobutylene/Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Polyester Polystyrene Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene)... 

In another interesting development, Yei et al. [124] prepared POSS-polystyrene/clay nanocomposites using an emulsion polymerization technique. The emulsion polymerization for both the virgin polystyrene and the nano composite started with stirring a suspension of clay in deionized water for 4h at room temperature. A solution of surfactant ammonium salt of cetylpyridinium chloride or POSS was added and the mixture was stirred for another 4 h. Potassium hydroxide and sodium dodecyl sulphate were added into the solution and the temperature was then raised to 50 °C. Styrene monomer and potassium persulfate were later on added slowly to the flask. Polymerization was performed at 50 °C for 8 h. After cooling, 2.5% aqueous aluminium sulphate was added to the polymerized emulsion, followed by dilute hydrochloric acid, with stirring. Finally, acetone was added to break down the emulsion completely. The polymer was washed several times with methanol and distilled water and then dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 80 °C. The obtained nanocomposite was reported to be exfoliated at up to a 3 wt % content of pristine clay relative to the amount of polystyrene. 

Although bulk silicon(IV) oxide is not chlorinated by phosgene, it does slowly chlorinate the surface [866]. This phenomenon has been used to chlorinate the surfaces of chrysotile asbestos and nonexpanded vermiculite for grafting to polystyrene for use as a filler for polymers and elastomers [1383,1384]. Moreover, in the presence of aluminium(III) chloride, phosgene will convert silica gel into silicon(IV) chloride at between 400 and 700 C [208a,208b]. 

Other o-nitrophenol-containing resins have been prepared with the aim of increasing the distance between the reactive center and the macromolecular backbone, which should accelerate the active ester formation by achieving an easier approach of the reagents. Thus, the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymer with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl chloride promoted by aluminium trichloride gave 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzylated polystyrene (70) (approximately 30% of the aromatic rings of the polymer were substituted according to elemental... 

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in heteroflocculation in aqueous media, and at least qualitative agreement found between experiment and theory, although not in every case. Systems studied include chromium hydroxide with polyvinyl chloride latex of similar size, silica with larger-size polyvinyl chloride latex , aluminium oxide and haematite with a smaller-size carboxylated polymer latex, and two polystyrene latexes of the same size but different surface groups. ... 

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