Sucrose based polymers

Work on sucrose-based plastics and polymers, sponsored by the International Sugar Research Foundation, has been reviewed. The... 

The convenient method to obtain sucrose based polymers was proposed by Barros s group.82 The preparation of a monomer is depicted in Fig. 61. Selective protection of the 6 -OH (fructose part) followed by benzylation of the remaining seven hydroxyl groups and regeneration of the 6 -OH afforded the monoalcohol. Reaction of this derivative with crotoyl chloride (and others) provided the monomer 191 ready for polymerization (Fig. 61). 

D. Jhurry and A. Deffieux, Sucrose-based polymers Polyurethanes with sucrose in the main chain, Eur. Polym.. 1, 33 (1997) 1577-1582. 

D. Jhurry, A. Deffieux, M. Fontanille, I. Betremieux, J. Mentech, and G. Descotes, Sucrose-based polymers. 1. Linear polymers with sucrose side-chains, Makromol. Chem., 193 (1992) 2997-3007. 

Sachinvala, N. D., et al., Use of Sucrose-based Epoxy Formulations and Cellulosic Fibers in the Design, Preparation and Screening of New Composite Insulation Materials, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 13, 66-79 (2002). 

Preparation of cross-linked sucrose-based polymers by photopolymerization was achieved by Acosta Ortiz et using thiol-ene reaction. They synthesized sucrose allyl ether, mainly diallyl sucrose, and polymerized the sucrose-based monomers with dithiothreitol by UV irradiation in the absence or presence of a photoinitiator. 

Carbohydrates are classified based upon the products formed when they are hydrolyzed. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars upon hydrolysis. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, and fructose. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units and yield two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of disaccharides are lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units and yield many individual monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 

Furan Derivatives Catalytic processes used to obtain furan derivatives from carbohydrates and the catalytic routes from furan intermediates to chemicals and polymers have been reviewed by Moreau et al. [27]. Some of the main reactions are summarized in Fig. 3.2. From fructose or carbohydrates based on fructose (sucrose, inulin), the first transformation step is dehydration to 5-hydroxy methylfur-fural (HMF). Fructose dehydration at 165 °C was performed in the presence of... 

Sucralfate is a basic aluminium salt of sucrose, a complex of sucrose octasulphate and aluminium hydroxide. At acid pH (<4), it forms a very sticky gel polymer, which adheres to epithelial cells and the base of ulcer craters. It has little or no antacid activity, but more importantly has a major cytoprotective action, both protecting the mucosa from damaging influences and also causing accelerated healing. It appears to work through a number of relatively poorly understood mechanisms, enhancing several gastric and duodenal protective mechanisms—different actions may be related to its chemistry as an aluminium salt, and to the sucrose octasulphate component. 

The second method, using refractive index (RI) detection, is carried out using a resin-based polymer column. Sucrose elutes first from this column, followed by glucose, fructose and then sorbitol. This type of column is generally more robust than the amino-bonded column and if handled well will last much longer however, it is around three times more expensive. The method has been collaboratively tested for the analysis of sugars and sorbitol in fruit juices by the IFU. The HPLC conditions are given below. 

The most common nonionic surfactants are those based on ethylene oxide, referred to as ethoxylated surfactants. Several classes can be distinguished alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers (sometimes referred to as polymer surfactants). Another important class of nonionics are the multihydroxy products such as glycol esters, glycerol (and polyglycerol) esters, glucosides (and polyglucosides), and sucrose esters. Amine oxides and sulfinyl surfactants represent nonionic with a small head group. 

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