Polymers historical perspective

Arylene ether/imide copolymers were prepared by the reaction of various amounts 4,4 -carbonylbis[Ar-(4 -hydroxyphenyl)phthalimide] and 4,4 -biphenoi with a stoichiometric portion of 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone in the presence of potassium carbonate in NMP/CHP [55]. To obtain high molecular weight polymer, the temperature of the reaction was kept below 155 °C for several hours before heating to >155°C in an attempt to avoid undesirable side reactions such as opening of the imide ring. The imide ring is not stable to conditions of normal aromatic nucleophilic polymerizations unless extreme care is exercised to remove water. Special conditions must be used to avoid hydrolysis of the imide as previously mentioned in the section on Other PAE Containing Heterocyclic Units and as practiced in the synthesis of Ultem mentioned in the Historical Perspective section. 

This paper first examines the construction of this research field from a historical perspective. In such an attempt to point out the mainstreams that lead to materials science prior to the institutional existence of this field, I am forced to adopt a presentist perspective. I will not try to describe all the branches that finally merged into materials science. Rather, I will only retain those in which chemistry was involved, i.e., metallurgy and polymer chemistry. The main focus of this paper will be on the recent connection of materials research with biology. I try to analyze its status as an interdisciplinary field of research and will finally raise a prospective question is there a future for chemists in materials science ... 

Tomalia, D. A., and J. M. J. Frechet. 2002. Discovery of dendrimers and dendritic polymers A brief historical perspective. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry 40 2719 -28. 

On the other hand, the historical perspective and operation of supercritical extraction was intended to supply the background to serve as an aid in appreciating the motivation for the current activities, not just in flavors extraction and characterization but for the process development being carried out in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and polymer industries. 

D.A. Tomalia, J.M.J. Frechet, Discovery of Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers A Brief Historical Perspective , J. Polym. Sci., Part A, Polym. Chem., 40,2719 (2002)... 

The book is divided into five sections starting with a historical perspective and fundamental aspects on the synthesis and recognition by imprinted polymers. The second section contains eight up-to-date overview chapters on current approaches to molecular and ion imprinting. This is followed by two chapters on new material morphologies and, in the last two sections, various analytical applications of imprinted polymers are given, with the last four chapters devoted to the promising field of imprinted polymers in chemical sensors. 

When I started working at Victor Chemical Works in 1942, my boss. Dr. Howard Adler, wanted me to look into the possibility of making some phosphorus-containing polymers. It is known that organic phosphorus compounds have flame retarding properties. To put things in the proper historical perspective, at that time vinyl polymers and nylon were relatively new commercial products. (Polymers such as the ethylene terephthalate polyesters and polycarbonate were not introduced to the market place until many years later.)... 

Scheirs, J., Carlsson, D. J. Bigger, S. W. (1995h) Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 34, 97-116. Scott, G. (1993a) Autoxidation and antioxidants historical perspective, in Scott, G. (Ed.) Atmospheric Oxidation and Antioxidants, Amsterdam Elsevier. 

In this introductory chapter the basic information on polymer blends (with a special emphasis on the commercial alloys) is presented in the sequence (i) a historical perspective on the polymer science and technology, (ii) polymeric structures and nomenclature, (iii) fundamental concepts in polymer blend science, and (iv) evolution of polymer blends technology. 

A historical perspective on the development of hydrophobe-modified, water-soluble polymers is presented. The various synthetic procedures used to obtain different associative thickeners are discussed in terms of the complexities in ionogenic monomer polymerizations. This discussion serves two purposes. The first is to present the peculiarities in anionic and cationic polymer synthesis in contiguity with previous work on water-soluble polymers that related only to their use. The second purpose is to draw parallels between the discontinuities in the classical chain-growth polymerization of nonionic with ionogenic monomers and those that should be expected to occur with hydrophobe-modified monomers, but for which there are insufficient data in associative thickener technology to define properly. 

Historical Perspective Write a short story describing how your life would differ if you hved in the 1800s, before the development of synthetic polymers. 

Also see Chapiro, A. "Radiation Chemistry of Polymeric Systems," Interscience, NY, 1962, and Charlesby, A. Atomic Radiation and Polymers," Pergamon Press, London, 1960. Dole, M. (Ed.) "Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules, Vol. I II," Academic Press, NY, 1972, for historical perspective. 

Andersson, H. S., Nicholls, I. A. (2001). A historical perspective of the development of molecular imprinting. In Mnleatlarlv Imnrint.p.d Polymers Man-made Mimics of Antibodies and Their Annlications in Anal ticalChemi (Sellergren, B., ed.], Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

This chapter tries to combine a modem view with a historical perspective. This is because ZN catalysts were invented when polymer science was already robust, whereas the fundamentals of organometallic chemistry were still largely unknown and important elements for a correct interpretation of the early discoveries not yet available. A paradigmatic example is the starting idea of Ti as a cocatalyst [2],... 

Andersson, H.S. Nicholls, LA. A Historical perspective of the development of molecular imprinting. In Molecularly Imprinted Polymers—Mon-Made Mimics of Antibodies and their Applications in Analytical Chemistry, Sellergren, B., Ed. Elsevier Science B.V Amsterdam, 2001 Vol. 23, 1-20. 

With the field of supramolecular chemistry expanding at an increasing rate, the remainder of this article focuses on donor-acceptor (D-A) n-n stacking interactions. The chapter begins by looking at D-A stacking interactions from an historical perspective and how these initial structure-property studies of infinite stacks of D-A pairs enabled the construction of mechanically interlocked materials and linear polymers in the solid and solution states (Fig. la-c, respectively). The later sections of this chapter focus of the introduction of D-A stacking interactions into... 

Shogren R.L., Fanta G.F., Doane W.M., Development of starch based plastics - A reexamination of selected polymer systems in historical perspective, Starch/Starke, 45, 1993, 276-280. 

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