Polymeric membranes for miniature

Polymeric Membranes for Miniature Biosensors and Chemical Sensors... 

Sadhir, R.K Schoch, K.F. (1996). Plasma-Polymerized Carbon Disulfide Thin-Film Rechargeable Batteries. Chem. Mater., Vol. 8, pp. 1281-1286 Saha, M.S. Gulla, A.F. Allen, R.J. Mukerjee, S. (2006). High Performance Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Ultra-Low Pt Loading Electrodes Prepared by Dual Ion-Beam Assisted Deposition. Electrochim. Acta, Vol. 51, pp. 4680-4692 Schieda, M. Roualdes, S. Durand, J. Martinent, A. Marsacq, D. (2006). Plasma-Polymerized Thin Films as New Membranes for Miniature Solid Alkaline Fuel Cells. Desalination, Vol. 199, pp. 286-288... 

Schieda, M., Roualdes, S., Durand, J., Martinent, A., Marsacq, D. (2006) Plasma-polymerized thin films as new membranes for miniature solid alkaline fuel cells. Desalination, 199, 286-288. 

In some applications, silver/silver chloride or calomel electrodes are considered cumbersome to use and maintain. More importantly, they are extremely difficult to miniaturize particularly with regard to their combined use with potentiometric membrane electrodes (see Section 18a.4.5.4) that have been fabricated into highly miniaturized and compact screen-printed sensor arrays for clinical use. Thus, several reference electrodes are manufactured with the same polymeric materials that are needed to design the responsive ion-selective membranes [7]. Incorporation of suitable active agents into such membranes leads to potentiometric responses that are ideally independent of the sample... 

Many researchers have studied the interfacial science and technology of laminar flow in microfluidics [8]. Interfacial polymerization and the subsequent formation of solid micro structures, such as membranes and fibers in a laminar flow system, are very interesting techniques because the bottom-up method through polymerization is suitable for the formation of miniature structures in a microspace [3]. The development of such microstructure systems plays an important role for the integration of various microfluidic operations and microchemical processing [9]. For instance, membrane formation in a microchannel and further modification has a strong potential for useful functions such as microseparation, microreaction and biochemical analysis [8-10]. Here, we will introduce several reports on polyamide and protein membrane formation through interfadal polycondensation in a microflow. 

A variety of components are either freely dissolved in this hydrophobic matrix or covalently anchored onto the polymeric backbone of the membrane. These membrane components mediate the selective extraction of many analytes and also make sure that the ISE membrane exhibits ion-exchanger properties. Thus far, liq-uid/polymer membrane ISEs for more than five-dozen analytes have been described [15, 27, 28]. They are routinely used in clinical analysis for the direct potentiometric detection of many anions and cations, and their application is steadily broadening with the advent of more selective membrane materials, advances in miniaturization, and the availability of more rugged sensors. Two main classes of liquid membrane ISEs can be distinguished one that contains an ion-exchanger without molecular receptor properties, and the other that is based on highly selective ionophores. While modem chemical research is mainly directed to the improvement of the second class, many commercial IS Es are still based on the first. 

The advancement in many technologies is the miniaturization of devices to the nanometer length scale or the blending of nano elements within a matrix to make composites. For example, in the area of separations, 100 nm thick polymeric skin layers are used in the production of asymmetric membranes [1]. In microelectronics, future devices will require the development of photoresists with feature... 

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