Electrode Loading

The 10% Ft ML core-shell catalysts were tested in an MEA and gave satisfactory performance with 10 ppm CO in H2 with an electrode loading of 0.018 mg Ft cm-. i A similar surface modification of a Ft core with Ru has been investigated by Crabb et al. They reported that, on reduction, a surface FtRu alloy formed and showed similar CO tolerance to a conventional nanoparticle FtRu alloy. 

SsDNA Hybridisation at Au electrode, loading of Ag clusters, then dissolution Chronopotentiometric stripping of Ag ions at bare SPCE +3.0pA... 

Very often a compromise has to be found between the achievable energy density and the power density of the cell. The energy density of the cell can be maximized by a high-electrode loading and density. This might be achieved by highly compressed electrode materials. However, the increase in the electrode density means a decrease of the porosity and, thus, it lowers the electrolyte retention. The decreased overall ionic conductivity deteriorates the high rate performance of the electrode and therefore the power density at the cell level. 

Figure 22 Typical chronopotentiometric profile of a graphite (4% PVDF) electrode and Li counter electrode loaded with methyl formate-LiAsF61 M solution under C02 (6 atm), galvanostatic operation C/33 h, 0.5 mA/cm2 [83]. (With copyright from The Electrochemical Society Inc.)... 

Typical commercial lithium battery cells nowadays have capacities > 1 A h. At electrode capacities of 100 mA h g"1, and typical electrode loading on the order of 10-3 g cm 2, electrode areas as high as 104 cm2 are required. Figure 3.5.9 shows a cylindrical cell, where the electrodes are wound around a core. Similarly, in case of prismatic cells, electrodes are folded on top of each other. For both principles, the current collector foils are coated on both sides with electrode material, and winding or folding leads to an extended stack of single cells. Positive and negative... 

Figure 4. Amperometric response to the successive addition of 1 mM glucose at the potential of -0.1 V (vs. SCE) of the magnetic electrode loaded with PA-Fe304-CNT (a) and PA-Fe304 composite (b) with glucose oxidase immobilized and the bare electrode (c). Also shown (in the inset) are the plots of amperometric currents versus the concentrations of glucose at (a) and (b) ( Small 2008, 4, 462).

Fig. 24 presents a comparative voltamperometric analysis of c-Mn02-nH20 electrodes loaded with 15 wt% of MWNTs or 15 wt% of carbon black, which is conventionally used as conductivity additive for electrodes. 

Liu, C. C., D. S. Tsai, D. Susanti, W. C. Yeh, Y. S. Huang, and F. J. Liu. 2010. Planar ultracapacitors of miniature interdigital electrode loaded with hydrous RuOj and RuOj nanorods. Electrochimica Acta 55 5768-5774. 

Fig. 16.6 RRDE voltammograms Iot the oxygtai reduction in 02-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4, at (a) (1.7 nm), (b) (4.8 mn), and (c) (13.2 mn) Au/C-modified GC electrodes and (d) bulk Au electrode at a rotation rate of 500 rpm. Curves a -d represent the corresponding Pt-ring currents (polarized at 1.0 V). For the Au/C-modified electrodes, loading of Au metal on a GC electrode was fixed at 0.45 pg/electrode. p = 10 mV s (extracted Ifom [34])...

FIGURE 6.9 Electrode loading and fraction of OCV at rated power with relation to calculated battery price to the OEM fora 110-kW, 17-kWh LMO-Gr PHEV40. 

Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Oxide-Based Catalysts, Fig. 4 Oxygen reduction and evolution properties of the electrode loaded with Lao.6Cao.4Co03 catalyst... 

Furuya N, Murase K (1994) Electroreduction of nitric oxide to nitrogen using a gas diffusion electrode loaded with noble metals. In 186th meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Miami Beach, Abstract 589... 

Figure 3-8 Influence of O2 Pressure on PEFC Performance (93°C, Electrode Loadings of 2 mg/cm Pt, Hi Fuel at 3 Atmospheres) [(56) Figure 29, p. 49]...

Figure 15.19. Polarization curves of gas diffusion-type oxygen electrode loaded with Lao gAo2Mn03 (A=Na, K, or Rb) in 8 M KOH at 60 °C [123]. (Reprinted from Hayashi M, Hyodo T, Mima N, Yamazoe N. Electrochemical oxygen reduction properties of perovskite-type oxides Lai.xAxMnOs (A=Na, K. Rb) in concentrated alkaline solution. Electrochemistry 2000 68 112-18. With kind permission of the Electrochemical Society of Japan.)...

This process is usually performed for manufacturing of single MEAs discontinuous. Via the GDE process, the pre-manufactured catalyst-loaded gas diffusion electrode loaded with catalyst is pressed together with a polymer electrolyte membrane to form an MEA. The doping procedure can take place on the membrane or the electrode. This process is widely used due to the fact that the polymeric membrane is not stressed as much as in the other manufacturing techniques. Less beneficial, here the production and assembling costs have to be mentioned. Every component has to get manufactured, cut, and assembled separately. But this lead to excellent possibilities to exclude material with low quality early. 

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