Polymeric dispersing agent

Generally, there are two basic types of inks. The first type contains finely dispersed carbon black or colored pigments in both solvent and water based systems. Pronounced improvements have been achieved in stabilizing aqueous pigment formulations for ink-jet applications by adding specific polymeric dispersing agents [18], The second type of ink is based on water or solvent soluble dyes. 

BASF Specialty Chemicals, Sokalan Polymeric Dispersing Agents, 49. 

Alcohol ether sulfates with different number of moles of ethylene oxide are also used in emulsion polymerization and in the paint industry as dispersing agents. A particular use of alcohol ether sulfates is as foamers in low- and medium pressure drilling for water, oil, and gas. The foam produced by the surfactant reduces the pressure of the water column as water is replaced by air. 

Surfactants are prepared which contain carboxylic acid ester or amide chains and terminal acid groups selected from phosphoric acid, carboxymethyl, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, and phosphonic acid. These surfactants can be obtained by reaction of phosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide with polyhydroxystearic acid or polycaprolactone at 180-190°C under an inert gas. They are useful as polymerization catalysts and as dispersing agents for fuel, diesel, and paraffin oils [69]. 

Ammonium salts of alkenyl succinic half-amides have teen described for use as corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production technology to combat corrosion by media containing CO2, H2S, and elemental sulfur [1366]. The inhibitor composition may contain a dispersing agent, such as a low molecular weight or polymeric anionic surfactant like an alkylsulfonic acid or an alkyl-aryl sulfonic acid. 

The composition of the dispersion agents, which are produced in dedicated reactors, is the same for all recipes. The batch sizes may be one or two polymerization batch units for Dl and one, two, three or four polymerization batch units for D2. The processing times are ten hours for Dl and two hours for D2, and they do not depend on the batch sizes. The dispersion agents in their final states are unstable in the reactors and stable for limited periods of time in the storage... 

Heterophase polymerization in general is a current trend in polymer science as it allows solvent-free polymer synthesis polymer powders are obtained when the dispersion agent is removed. DeSimone improved this procedure significantly by performing the heterophase polymerization in supercritical C02, which simplifies the synthesis of powders with excellent handling of the polymerization and evaporation process.7 9... 

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