Formulation pigments

Mg4Al2(OH) 2C02 3H20, is commonly written however, these minerals are generally non stoichiometric by nature and can include some amounts of alternative elements in then compositions. They function similarly to the zeoHtes but exist in layered stmctures and have a different trapping mechanism. In addition to then performance enhancement, the hydrotalcite minerals are compatible with PVC and can be used effectively in clear PVC appHcations as well as the pigmented formulations. 

Dispersed pigment formulations must be adequately prepared to afford products with optimum commercial properties. This concerns both the application of concentrates and the conversion of concentrates to end use products, which should preferably exhibit good flow properties in combination with high tinctorial strength. Knowledge of the above correlations and mechanisms aid the manufacturer in achieving an optimum in product performance. 

However, there is no exact quantitative method which makes it possible to calculate the critical particle size that will produce an optimum in hiding power in a colored pigment formulation. Although the basic theory behind this phenomenon has been treated extensively, it is still most advantageous for practical R D purposes to experimentally determine the particle size that affords a maximum in hiding power. A more approximate than quantitative rule has been established by H.H. Weber, which makes it possible to estimate the particle size that will afford a maximum in scattering ... 

It is not difficult, for instance, to find the respective transparencies of the two Pigment Orange 34 samples which differ in their particle size distribution. In letterpress proof prints, printed 1.5 pm thick, 15% pigment formulations ofboth yield the following results ... 

However, amine-treated pigments also have their problems. The treatment process affords dark red compounds which are easily soluble in toluene and appreciably enhance the tinctorial strength of the resulting printing ink (Sec. 2.4.1.4). The same pigment formulation, however, will be considerably less soluble and thus weaker in printing inks based on aliphatic hydrocarbons or in media which contain blends of toluene and aliphatic hydrocarbons. As the ink is printed on to the... 

Generally, there are two basic types of inks. The first type contains finely dispersed carbon black or colored pigments in both solvent and water based systems. Pronounced improvements have been achieved in stabilizing aqueous pigment formulations for ink-jet applications by adding specific polymeric dispersing agents [18], The second type of ink is based on water or solvent soluble dyes. 

Starch grafts are a new class of products for use on the size press.212,213 They have high water retention and form flexible films. They are offered as a liquid, ready-to-use binder on conventional and metered size presses and on calender water boxes. Starch grafts are used in pigmented formulations for the production of film-coated offset, recycled offset, textbook and LWC (lightweight coated) grades, and as precoat for double-coated, sheet-fed offset grades. 

Several classes of formulations of disperse systems are encountered in the chemical industry, including suspensions, emulsions, suspoemulsions (mixtures of suspensions and emulsions), nanoemulsions, multiple emulsions, microemulsions, latexes, pigment formulations, and ceramics. For the rational preparation of these multiphase systems it is necessary to understand the interaction forces that occur between the particles or droplets. Control of the long-term physical stability of these formulations requires the application of various surfactants and dispersants. It is also necessary to assess and predict the stability of these systems, and this requires the application of various physical techniques. 

Enceprint . [BASF AG] O anic and inorganic pigment formulations in nitrocellulose with plasticizers for pig-menting flexographic and gravure inks. 

Helizarin . PASF AG] Pigment formulations binders for textile dyeing and printing crosslinldng i em improving wash fastness or pigment prints. 

Photoinitiation of Addition Polymerization.—Much of the research reported in this section has arisen from commercial and environmental needs for surface coatings which do not rely on polymerization in solvent media. One approach to this problem has been to initiate the addition polymerization of monomer/ oligomer/pigment formulations with u.v. light and suitable photoinitiators. The initiators most commonly used are benzophenone, Michler s ketone (1), and benzoin ethers, but the search for other efficient photoinitiators continues. 

Chem. Descrip. Hexafunctional aromatic urethane acrylate oligomer Uses Film-former, base resin for clear and pigmented formulations for rigid substrates (wood, metal), UV/EB-curablefomiulations Features Fast cure speed exc. abrasion resist. good chem. resist. high surface hardness high tensile str. 

Confocal Raman microscopy was used for the investigation of variations in crossUnking with depth in thicknesses of up to 0.5 mm in UV-cured coatings. Variations of curing with depth in pigment formulations, in thicknesses of up to 30 im, were observed (62). 

Methods are available for fine-tuning dye and pigment mixes by, for example, optimizing tristimulus values or using simplex methods. Such methods can be used to minimize metamerism and pigment costs. The many problems of dye and pigment formulation can be surmounted using specific equations for specific applications. 

---