Polymer Polyethylene naphthalate

The above-mentioned results of the SSP of PET can be generally applied to other semicrystalline polyesters, such as poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(tri-methylene terephthalate) PTT), polyethylene naphthalate) (PEN) or any other kind of semicrystalline co-polyester, as a result of their similar reaction behaviors. Most of the studies have been focused on PET and PBT due to their industrial importance. Meanwhile, the popularity of PEN is growing on account of the outstanding properties of this particular polymer. 

It should be taken into account that all of the aspects described above are of a general nature and therefore more or less valid for any kind of industrially relevant polyester resin. Upon closer examination, the experiences gained with PET are particularly applicable to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and polyethylene naphthalate) (PEN). These polymers have gained major industrial importance as a result of a number of different properties in comparison with PET. 

Nonolefinic thermoplastic polymers that in principle may be blended with polyolefins include polyamides (nylons) such as polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphenylene ether (PPF), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO) polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephtha-late (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polycarbonates, polyethers, and polyurethanes vinyl polymers such as polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and ethylene... 

Polyethylene naphthalate is a condensation polymer of ethylene glycol and naphthalate dicarboxylate (NDC), with the structure ... 

Cho HN, Hong JM, Lee HW, Ko YC, Choi IS. Process for preparing polyethylene naphthalate based polymers by using NDC A or its derivates. US patent 6 323 305, assigned to Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, KR 2001. 

Jheng LC, Yang CY, Leu MT, Hsu KH, Wu JH, Ruan J, et al. Novel impacts of glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PETG) to crystallization behavior of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) within stretched miscible blends. Polymer 2012 53(13) 2758-68. 

Hine P J, Astruc A and Ward I M (2004) Hot compaction of polyethylene naphthalate, J Appl Polym Sci 93 796-802. 

There have been examples of other materials, such as thin glass-epoxy, that have not been widely used. To satisfy the new concept of HDI flexible circuits, innovative uses of raw materials such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film, and poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) film have been introduced. Comparisons are shown in Table 61.7. 

DSC has been used to measure T on a variety of polymers including naphthalate copolymers [111,112], polyethylene terephthalate-5-nitrosophthalic acid copolymers [113], propene-pentene copolymers [114], 4-hydroxy benzoic acid-2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid copolymers [115], fluorinated perfluorocyclo butylenes [116], PET [117], polythioether ether ketones [14,104], polyvanillylidiene, alkyl/aryl phosphate esters [118], poly(L-lactic acid-poly(e-caprolactone) [119], benzylated waste pulp-L-lactic acid copolymers [120], PET - poly-1,4 butylene succinate [121], polyarylate-polytrimethylene terephthalate [122], polyimines [77], PVOH [123, 124], various Nylons [125]. 

Melt processing has been used also for polymer and polymer blend/silica nanocomposites. In particular, extensive studies are reported for PP [228], PP-based copolymer [229], PE [230], PE-based copolymer [231,232], PS [233-235], PMMA [234,235], PC [234], PC-based copolymer [236], polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) [237], perfluoropolymer [238], PET [239-241], PA [242], polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) [243], co-polyetherester [244], styrene-butadiene rubber [245,246], ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) [247], PET/PS [248], PLEA [249], and many others. 

In more recent work, O Brien and Cooper [14] extended their study to cover a range of different polymers which, in addition to HDPE, included HIPS, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). 

Figure 19 (a, b) Waveguide architectures and (c) the chemical structure of the polymer and the analytes. SOP, semiconducting organic polymers ASE, amplified spontaneous emission DFB, distributed feedback ITO, Indium tin oxide LUMO, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital HOMO, highest occupied molecular orbital DAG, diacylglycerol Al, Aluminium IL, insertion loss PET, Polyethylene terephthalate PEN, Polyethylene naphthalate. Reproduced with permission from Rose, A. Zhu, Z. G. etal. Nature 200B, 434 (7035), 876-879. ... 

Poly(polyethylene glycol-co-naphthalate), (I), was previously prepared by Hebrink et al. (2) and used in multilayered polymer films as a reflective polarizer or mirror. 

It is well known from diffusion theory that different types of polymers have different diffusion behaviours. For example, the polyester type polymers like poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) and polycarbonate (PC) as well as rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which have a high glass transition temperature, are low diffusive polymers. The migration of potential contaminants in these polymers will result in low migration values. In contrast, polyolefins like high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) or low density polyethylene (LDPE), which... 

Additional studies comprise various forms of polyethylene (CH2)j , such as oriented homopolymer (7,46). Other examples include polytetrafluoroethylene homopolymer and models (7,47-50) poly(ethylene terephthalate) and the related polymers poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (51-53) and electrochemically polymerized thin films such as poly(3-methyl thiophene) (54) and polyp5urole (55). This is not intended to be a comprehensive list, but only an indication of the wide range of applications possible with nexafs spectroscopy. 

Leung K L, Easteal A and Bhattacharyya D (2008) In situ formation of poly(ethylene naphthalate) microfibrils in polyethylene and polypropylene during extrusion. Compos Part A 39 662-676. Shields R J, Bhattacharyya D and Fakirov S (2008) Fibrillar polymer-polymer composites morphology, properties and applications, J Mater Sci 43 6758-6770. 

Acronyms and variables cold crystalhzation (CC) cobalt molybdenum catalyst (CoMoCAT) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) dichlorobenzene (DCB) high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPCO) isotactic polypropylene (iPP) melt crystalhzation (MC) melt flow index (MFl) poly( -caprolactone) (PCL) polydispersity index (PDD polyethylene (PE) polyethylene oxide (PEO) poly (ethylene-propylene-diene) [P(E-PP-diene)] poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) poly(ethylene terephthalate (PET) poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) poly(trimethylene terephthalate (PTMT) poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) tetrahydrofuran (THE) weight-average molecular weight = ] number-average molecular weight Avrami exponent for neat polymer = Avrami exponent for CNT composite = Avrami rate constant for neat polymer = Avrami exponent for composite = neat polymer crystalhzation... 

Recent work on crystallinity measurements is reported below sulfur containing ether ketones [14], polyethylene glycol [15], polystyrene (PS) [16, 17], (PC) [18], polyphenylene alkene diyls [19, 20], isotactic polypropylene [20, 21], polyethylene [21, 22], polyimide [23], poly(2,5 bis (4-methoxyphenyl) oxycarbonyl styrene [24], polyazomethine esters [25], PET-polybutylene terephthalate blends [26], polycyclohexyl ethylene copolymers [27], polycaprolactone [28], syndiotactic polystyrene [29, 30], polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene copolymer [30], polyethers [31], isotactic methyl methacrylate [32], soy protein isolate polymers [33], polyamide 6/66 [34], polytrimethylene-2,6-naphthalate [35, 36], PE like polyesters [37], polycyclohexadiene [38], p-dioxolone, L-lactide - polyethylene glycol copolymers [39], ethylene - methacrylic acid copolymers and ionomers [40]. 

---