Modified poly ethylenes

Jackson and co-workers reported in 1976 [21,22] (on work carried out in 1971) that poly-p-oxybenzoyl-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) was found to exhibit thermotropic liquid crystalline characteristics. A variety of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyarylates have since been described, and some of these also contain flexible spacer units [23-30]. 

A representative example of indirect imaging with SWNTs labeled with fluorescent molecules was illuminated by Dai and coworkers.102 They solubilized as-produced SWNTs via sonication with fluorescein-modified poly (ethylene glycol) (Fluor-PEG, 114 PEG units). The absorption maximum of the nanotube-attached Fluor-PEG was red shifted 3 nm from that of free fluorescein, and the fluorescence intensity was quenched about 67% in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). In the bioevaluation with BT474 breast cancer cells, substantial intracellular fluorescence was observed, suggesting cellular uptake of the Fluor-PEG-functionalized SWNTs.102... 

Figure 7. (left) Steady state response to 31.5 mM glucose of the ferrocene-modified poly(ethylene oxide)/glucose oxidase/carbon paste electrodes at several applied potentials. The relay systems are indicated next to each curve. Each curve is the mean result for four electrodes. 

TEMPO-modified poly(ethylene-co-propylene-g-maleic anhydride), (IV), and poly((ethylene-co-1 -decene)-g-alkylacrylates), (V), were prepared by Matsugi [3] and used as polymer blend compatibilizing agents. 

P liquid nonbonded Base-modified poly(ethylene glycol) 200 Amines and other volatile basic compounds... 

P liquid bonded Acid-modified poly(ethylene glycol) 250 Volatile organic acids without derivatization and phenols... 

Soerens, D.A. Johnson, E.D. Wideman, G.J. Wang, J.H. Modified Poly(ethylene oxide). Method of Making Same and Articles Using Same U.S. Patent No. 6,610,793, Aug 26, 2003. 

Esterified polystyrene-co-maleic anhydride Polyethylene-co-propylene Poly(ethylene-co-propylene diene-modified) Poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-olefin diene-modified) Hydrogenated polystyrene-co-butadiene Hydrogenated polystyrene-co-isoprene Hydrogenated polyisoprene. 

Water-Soluble Metal Complexes with Modified Poly(ethylene Oxide)s in Catalysis... 

The macromolecular ruthenium carbene complex 30 with modified poly(ethylene oxide) demonstrated high activity in ring-closing metathesis of some substrates, which transformed into cyclic compounds, with quantitative yield. 

Macromolecular metal complexes with modified poly(ethylene oxide)s have also been applied as catalysts for asymmetric reactions epoxidation, dihydroxy-lation, hydrogenation, and hydroformylation. 

Some researchers analyzed the possibility of using complexes with modified poly(ethylene glycol)s in the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. The application of alkaloid-modified monomethyl ethers of poly(ethylene oxide)s 33-36 in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed ligand-accelerated asymmetric dihydroxylation ensures considerable enantioselectivity and much higher activity [70]. 

The idea of thermomorphic catalysts, which is largely similar to the concept of catalysts with modified poly(ethylene oxide)s, was implemented by the example of modified poly(A -isopropylacrylamides) (PNIPAMs). At low temperatures, PNIPAMs can dissolve in water and at high temperatures, in two-phase systems, PNIPAMs pass into the organic phase, and also retain partly in water (Fig. 11-4). The upper critical solution temperature depends on substituents at the amide group [83, 91-93]. Several macromolecular metal complexes with PNIPAM ligands have been designed. 

Modified Poly(ethylene naphthalate) fiber, 380 PENtm... 

FIGURE 54.4 Preparation of iminothiolane-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-Woc -poly(L-lysine) [PEG-f>-(PLL-IM)]. (Reprinted with permission Biomacromolecules, 10(1), Matsumoto, S., Christie, R., Nishiyama, N., Miyata, K., Ishii, A., Oba, M., Koyama, H., Yamasaki, Y, and Kataoka, K., Environment-responsive block copolymer micelles with a disulfide cross-linked core for enhanced siRNA delivery, 119. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.)... 

L. Schukur, P. Zorlutuna, J.M. Cha, H. Bae, A. Khademhosseini, Directed differentiation of size-controlled embryoid bodies towards endothelial and cardiac lineages in RGD-modified poly(Ethylene Glycol) hydrogels, Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2 (1) (2013) 195-205. 

In some cases the polymer incorporates the mediator, producing a redox macromolecule, e.g., poly[(ferrocenyl)amidopropyl]pyrrole, ferrocene-modified poly(ethylene oxide), " and highly flexible ferrocene-modified silox-ane. These redox polymers have short chains and low molecular weights (< 20 kDa) they function as a special kind of diffusional mediators and do not alleviate the loss of a mediator to the bulk solution during amperometric detection. 

This paper will describe our analyses of the structures of copolyesters, concentrating on the system studied in most detail the terpolymer prepared from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-naphthalene (DHN), and terephthalic acid (TPA). We will also discuss analyses of the structure of HBA modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), in which the presence of -CH2-CH2 groups in the backbone leads to a more flexible chain. Other work on the copolymers of HBA and HNA is described in the following paper by Chivers et al. [3]... 

Jheng LC, Yang CY, Leu MT, Hsu KH, Wu JH, Ruan J, et al. Novel impacts of glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PETG) to crystallization behavior of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) within stretched miscible blends. Polymer 2012 53(13) 2758-68. 

Systematic study of the mechanism of formation of the 3-D network in the case of polymer blends with H-bonding demonstrated that this process takes place in the melt before the drawing step, and the subsequent cold drawing results in drastic reduction of the diameters of the network elements. This conclusion was proved by SEM observation of melt blended samples taken immediately after the extruder die. They were treated with water in order to extract the PVA and analyzed by SEM. A blend of PVA with glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) was used for these experiments. 

Ecoflex, manufactured by BASF, is a random copolyester based on terephthalic acid (40-45%), adipic acid (55%), and 1,4-butanediol, plus chain-extending additives (Table 1). A modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolyester is manufactured by DuPont as Biomax (Table 1). 

Technology originally developed at Toyobo for polyester fiber places the phos-phinate group on a side chain in a modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) by cocondensation with a phosphinate of the following structure (164-166) ... 

Liu, Y., Meng, H., Konst, S., Sarmiento, R., Rajachar, R., Lee, B.P., 2014. Injectable dopamine-modified poly(ethylene glycol) nanocomposite hydrogel with enhanced adhesive property and bioactivity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 16982—16992. 

Lee BP, Dalsin JL, Messersmith PB (2002) Synthesis and gelation of DOPA-modified poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 3(5) 1038-1047... 

Thermotropic aromatic copolyester fibers are produced by melt spinning since the combination of an aromatic backbone and flexible segments results in an LCP which can be melt processed. Copolyesters, such as p-hydroxybenzoic add (PHBA) modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 60/40 PHBA/PET (X7G) polymers, have been produced by the Tennessee Eastman Company [425-427]. Other melt processable nematic thermotropic LCPs (TLCP), based on combinations of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic add (NDA), 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), and referred to as Vectra LCP resins, have been conunercialized (trademark by Hoechst Celanese Corporation [406]). 

Figure 13.34 A plot of oxygen permeability of 10-mil thick amorphous compression molded films vs. clay loading, tor a series of polyester nanocomposites. PETG is glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET is poly(ethylene terephthalate), and PEN is poly(ethylene naphthalate). The effective aspect ratio of these composites is in the range of 150-200.

Type-1 polyester is made up of 1, 4-biphenylene moieties with an approaximate heat-deflection temperature (HDT) of 300°C under a load of 18.6 kg/cm. The representative product is named as "Xydar". Type - 2 polyester is made up of 2, 6-naphthalene moiety with an approximate HDT of 210°C under a load of 18.6 kg/cm. The representative product name of type 2 is "Vectra". While Type-3 polyester is made up p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) modified poly (ethylene terephthalate) i.e combination of moieties of HBA and PET usually with 70/30 proportion. The representative product name of type -3 is "Rodrun". 

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