Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel Challenges

A number of challenges also arise at higher operating temperatures of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells ... 

Micro-Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells ([JI.PEMFC) and Their Challenges... 

Physical models of fuel cell operation contribute to the development of diagnoshc methods, the rational design of advanced materials, and the systematic ophmization of performance. The grand challenge is to understand relations of primary chemical structure of materials, composition of heterogeneous media, effective material properties, and performance. For polymer electrolyte membranes, the primary chemical structure refers to ionomer molecules, and the composition-dependent phenomena are mainly determined by the uptake and distribuhon of water. 

Smith B, Sridhar S, Khan A, (2005). Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications-a review. Journal of Membrane Science 259 10-26 Sopian K, Wan Daud W, (2006). Challenges and future developments in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Renewable Energy 31 719-727 Srinivasan S, (2006). Fuel cells From fundamentals to applications. Springer Science and Business Media LLC, New York... 

The last section (19.6) is focused on the commercial potential and perspectives of using metal ammines in connection with, for example, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as well as selective catalytic reduction (SCR)-DeNO c (NO c removal) in the transport sector, and it includes comments on the global availability and low cost of the carrier salts. This section also provides the authors perspectives on future trends and challenges in metal ammine research, along with links to the interested reader for further information on key articles, companies and websites. 

In polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and metalair batteries, the most challenge reaction is the catalytic ORR due to its slow kinetics when compared to that of anode fuel or metal electrooxidation. Therefore, developing ORR electrocatalysts and their associated catalyst layers (CLs) are the major efforts in overcoming both the technology and commercialization challenges. Thus, exploring new catalysts, improving catalyst activity... 

X.B. Zhu, H.M. Zhang, Y.M. Liang, Y. Zhang, Q.T. Luo, C. Bi, B.L. Yi, Challenging reinforced composite polymer electrolyte membranes based on disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-impregnated expanded PIPE for fuel cell applications, J. Mater. Chem. 17 (4) (2007) 386-397. 

Djilali, N. (2007) Computational modelling of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells challenges and opportunities. Energy, 32, 269. 

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