Commercial challenges

Wyman, C. E. 1999. Biomass ethanol technical progress, opportunities, and commercial challenges. Ann. Rev. Energy Environ., 24,189-226. 

BEREJKA, ANTHONY J. The Electron Beam Curing of Composites The Historical Perspective and Commercial Challenges. To Enercomp 95, Montreal, Canada, (1995). 

Brown, Larry R., Commercial challenges of protein drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2, 29, 2005. 

Narhi, M., Nordstrom, K. (2005) Manufacturing, regulatory and commercial challenges of biopharmaceuticals production a Finnish perspective. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 59 (3), 397-405. 

In polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and metalair batteries, the most challenge reaction is the catalytic ORR due to its slow kinetics when compared to that of anode fuel or metal electrooxidation. Therefore, developing ORR electrocatalysts and their associated catalyst layers (CLs) are the major efforts in overcoming both the technology and commercialization challenges. Thus, exploring new catalysts, improving catalyst activity... 

To facilitate further commercialization, challenges that need to be addressed in the future include the following ... 

California has started a Fuel Cell Partnership with oil companies, automakers and fuel cell companies. They hope to have 50 fuel cell vehicles, both passenger cars and transit buses, on the road by 2003. The goals of the program include demonstrating vehicle performance, identifying fuel infrastructure issues and addressing commercialization challenges (41). 

Yang, W., Tavner, PI, Crabtree, C.J., Feng, Y. and Qiu, Y, 2012. Wind turbine condition monitoring technical and commercial challenges. Wind Energy, doi 10.1002/we.l508. 

It is not difHcult to make insoluble sulfur. Just simply heating sulfur beyond a certain melt transition temperature and then quench cooling it in water will produce this insoluble sulfur. This has been done many times in chemistry classes. However, this chemistry class product reverts back to crystalline sulfur in a matter of hours. The insoluble sulfur from this simple lab process is not sufficiently stable to be used weeks later in production. So the real commercial challenge is to produce stabilized insoluble sulfur. The Flexsys (now Eastman) process uses proprietary techniques to ensure that their insoluble sulfur does not revert back to the rhombic crystalline form before it is shipped and used by the customer. 

Brown LR. Commercial challenges of protein drug dehvery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2005 2(l) 29-42. 

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