Polymer electrodes electroactive

Pelrine RE, Kornbluh RD (2004) Non-contact electroactive polymer electrodes. US Patent 6707236... 

Fig. 7.8 The first ten repeated scans for the formation of polymer 7.44 (M = Cu) by oxidative electropolymerization on the working electrode. Electroactivity increases at ca. 0.6-0.7 V with each additional scan, indicating the progressive formation of a film of the metallopolymer on the electrode. Solution in CH2CI2 (5x10- M in monomer) with [Bu4N][PFs] as supporting electrolyte. Scan rate 100 mV s (Adapted from [82])...

Microfabricated Array Electrodes Electroactive Polymer Sensor Interrogation System for Conductimetric Response and Impedimetric Response Microcantilevers Biocompatiblity... 

In the above polymers, the electroactive site was either part of or pendant to the polymeric chain and was applied to the electrode as part of... 

Polyaniline (PANi) has been studied extensively for its electroactive characteristics and potential applications in electrical devices, such as polymer electrodes and sensors [46]. Semi-conductive membranes from PVDF/PANi blends in V-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions were prepared by phase inversion in an aqueous solution of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) [47]. Entrapment of a stoichiometric amount of PSSA dopant molecules into the blend membrane occurred during phase inversion process and gave rise to a semi-conductivity membrane. At a PANi content of above 15 wt%, the entrapped PSSA chains were present in stoichiometric amount and dispersed evenly throughout the blend membrane. The membranes prepared by this method had an asymmetry structure with a dense skin layer and a porous inner layer. The surface resistance of the blend membrane decreased with the increase in PANi weight fraction. A surface resistance of about 10 i2/cm was obtained for the PSSA-doped PVDF/PANi (65/35, w/w) membrane. 

The three dimensional redox epoxy offers some of the advantages of both the freely diffusing s stems and the immobilized systems. As in freely diffusing mediator based systems, not only the electrode adsorbed enzyme molecules, but also those remote from the electrode, yet connected by the redox polymer are electroactive. At the same time, there is no need to add mediator to the sample, and the mediator can not leach out or contaminate the sample. 

Furukawa, N. and Nishi, U., Lithium batteries with polymer electrodes, in Applications of Electroactive Polymers, Scrosati, B., Ed., Chapman Hall, London, 1993, 150. 

When PEDOT and PPy are coated on the surface of Lij ogMni 97O4 posifive elecfrodes, fhe polymers can function as electron conductors and replace the carbon usually mixed with the inorganic oxide-based electrodes to improve their electronic conductivity. Incidentally, these polymer coatings can also act as a protective layer to decrease Mn3+ dissolution. Furthermore, these polymers are electroactive in the same potential range as LiMn204. As a result, reversible capacity and capacity retention are increased. 

The electrochemistry of a polymer-modified electrode is determined by a combination of thermodynamics and the kinetics of charge-transfer and transport processes. Thermodynamic aspects are highlighted by cyclic voltammetry, while kinetic aspects are best studied by other methods. These methods will be introduced here, with the emphasis on how they are used to measure the rates of electron and ion transport in conducting polymer films. Charge transport in electroactive films in general has recently been reviewed elsewhere.9,11... 

Like other ion-exchange polymers, conducting polymers have been used to immobilize electroactive ions at electrode surfaces. Often the goal is electrocatalysis, and conducting polymers have the potential advantage of providing a fast mechanism for electron transport to and from the electrocatalytic ions. 

Intensive research on the electrocatalytic properties of polymer-modified electrodes has been going on for many years Until recently, most known coatings were redox polymers. Combining redox polymers with conducting polymers should, in principle, further improve the electrocatalytic activity of such systems, as the conducting polymers are, in addition, electron carriers and reservoirs. One possibility of intercalating electroactive redox centres in the conducting polymer is to incorporate redoxactive anions — which act as dopants — into the polymer. Most research has been done on PPy, doped with inter alia Co 96) RyQ- 297) (--q. and Fe-phthalocyanines 298,299) Co-porphyrines Evidently, in these... 

Electropolymerization is also an attractive method for the preparation of modified electrodes. In this case it is necessary that the forming film is conductive or permeable for supporting electrolyte and substrates. Film formation of nonelectroactive polymers can proceed until diffusion of electroactive species to the electrode surface becomes negligible. Thus, a variety of nonconducting thin films have been obtained by electrochemical oxidation of aromatic phenols and amines Some of these polymers have ligand properties and can be made electroactive by subsequent inincorporation of transition metal ions... 

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