Polymer-based electrochemical sensors

Bakas, I., Z. Salmi, M. Jouini, F. Geneste, I. Mazerie, D. Floner, B. Carbonnier, Y. Yagci, and M. M. Chehimi. Picomolar detection of melamine using molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors prepared by UV-graft photopolymerization. Electroanalysis 27, 2015 429-439. 

M. E. G. Lyons, P. N. Bartlett, C. H. Lyons, W. Breen, and J. F. Cassidy, Conducting polymer based electrochemical sensors Theoretical analysis of current response under steady state conditions, J. Elec-troanal. Chem. 304 (1991). 

E. Ochoteco, N. Murillo, J. Rodriguez, J. A. Pomposo, and H. Grande, Conducting polymer-based electrochemical sensors, in Encyclopedia of Sensors, vol. 2, pp. 259—278, American Scientific Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, Calif, USA, 2006. 

Pardieu E, Cheap H, Vedrine C, Lazerges M, Lattach Y, Gamier F, Remita S, Pemelle C (2009) Molecularly imprinted conducting polymer based electrochemical sensor for detection of atrazine. Anal Chim Acta 649 236-245... 

One interesting development in the carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensor is the ability to self-assemble the CNT to other types of nano materials such as gold and silver nanoparticles or to a polymer surface. The enhancement of Raman signals of carbon nanotubes through the adsorption on gold or silver substrate has been also reported [142-146],... 

A sensitive and selective electrochemical analysis of the OPs methyl parathion (MPT) and 4-nitrophenol (PNP) has been carried out using a new type p-NiTSPc/p-PPD coated carbon fibre microelectrode (CFME)," and tricresyl phosphate has been determined in aqueous samples and air using a copper nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical sensor. Similarly, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and ethanol vapours have been determined using a high-performance nanocomposite material based on functionalized carbon nanotubes and polymers coated on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. ... 

The problems of stability and reliability of gas sensors operation remain dominant while designing devices for the sensor market. Devices designed for this market should provide a stable and reproducible signal for a period of at least 2-3 years (typically 17,(XX)-26,(X)0 h of operation). Therefore, sensing materials and conditions of their operation should be selected in consideration of the above-mentioned requirements (Korotcenkov 2007 Korotcenkov and Cho 2011). For example, the organic polymer Nation may retain working capacity in electrochemical gas sensors for a period of up to about 1 year. To achieve this result, however, the Naflon should be wetted by a wick system connected to a reservoir (Pasierb et al. 2004). This means that dry atmosphere does not facilitate a long lifetime for polymer-based electrochemical gas sensors. 

Nikolova V, Nikolov I, Andreev P, Najdenov V, Vitanov T (2000) Tungsten carbide-based electrochemical sensors for hydrogen determination in gas mixtures. J Appl Electrochem 30 705-710 Ogura K, Saino T, Nakayama M, Shiigi H (1997) The humidity dependence of the electrical conductivity of a soluble polyaniline-poly(vinyl alcohol) composite film. J Mater Chem 7 2363-2366 Opekar F (1992) An amperometric solid-state sensor for nitrogen dioxide based on a solid polymer electrolyte. Electroanalysis 4 133-138... 

Khadro, B., et al. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) based electrochemical sensor for detection of urea and creatinine. Procedia Eng. 5,371-374 (2010)... 

Liao H, Zhang Z, Li H, Nie L, Yao S (2004) Preparation of the molecularly imprinted polymers-based capacitive sensor specific for tegafur and its characterization by electrochemical impedance and piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance. Electrochim Acta 49 4101 107... 

Alizadeh T, Zare M, Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Tavana B (2010) A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MlP)-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in natural waters and soil samples. Biosens Bioelectron 25 1166-1172... 

Particularly attractive for numerous bioanalytical applications are colloidal metal (e.g., gold) and semiconductor quantum dot nanoparticles. The conductivity and catalytic properties of such systems have been employed for developing electrochemical gas sensors, electrochemical sensors based on molecular- or polymer-functionalized nanoparticle sensing interfaces, and for the construction of different biosensors including enzyme-based electrodes, immunosensors, and DNA sensors. Advances in the application of molecular and biomolecular functionalized metal, semiconductor, and magnetic particles for electroanalytical and bio-electroanalytical applications have been reviewed by Katz et al. [142]. 

C.J. Mcneil, D. Athey, M. Ball, W.O. Ho, S. Krause, R.D. Armstrong, J.D. Wright, and K. Rawson, Electrochemical sensors based on impedance measurement of enzyme-catalyzed polymer dissolution theory and applications. Anal. Chem. 67, 3928-3935 (1995). 

The concept of thin films of a molecularly imprinted sol-gel polymer with specific binding sites for a target analyte is general and can be applied also to electrochemical sensors. For example, a sensor to detect parathion in aqueous solutions is based on films cast on glass substrates and on glassy carbon electrodes (Figure 6.14).12... 

Blanco-Lopez MC, Lobo-Castanon MJ, Miranda-Ordieres AJ, Tunon-Blanco P. Electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers. Trends Anal Chem 2004 23 36-48. 

This chapter focuses on the approach we followed for developing a novel electrochemical sensor platform based on disposable polymer microchips with integrated microelectrodes for signal transduction. It presents the development of the so-called Immuspeed technology, which is dedicated to quantitative immunoassays with reduced time-to-results as well as sample and reagent volumes. Prior to presenting the specific characteristics of Immuspeed, the basic principles integrated in this platform are first presented and illustrated with reference to... 

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