Polylactic-co-glycolic acid

Container closure systems required for implantable devices are further restricted by the fact that they are required to be compatible with the formulation over the intended shelf life and therapeutic application time as well as being biocompatible. This means that the system not only must afford protection to and contain the formulation but also cannot cause any potential adverse effects, such as allergy. Typically, implantable systems are composed of biocompatible metals, such as titanium or polymers such as polyethylene glycol or polylactic-co-glycolic acid. 

There is an increasing trend to consider nanoparticles as part of other delivery systems to create what are in effect hybrid systems. Dendrimers and dendrons can thus be found as particles in emulsions or vesicles. Macromolecular-dendrimer complexes (dendriplexes) may be incorporated in polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (105). Dendrimers may also be grafted to linear polymers (as shown in Fig. 20). 

Chen, L. Li, S. Wang, Z. Chang, R. Su, J. Han, B. Protective effect of recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin A entrapped in polylactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Vet. Res. 2012,43 (1), 1-20. 

Yang, T, Nyiawung, D., Silber, A., Hao, J., Lai, L., and Bai, S. (2012). Comparative studies on chitosan and polylactic-co-glycolic acid incorporated nanoparticles of low molecular weight heparin, AAPS PharmSciTech, 13(4), 1309-1318. 

Encapsulated into polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) matrix HUVEC Encapsulated porous sihcon particles not taken up by cells when encapsulated in PLGA. Released dmg is taken up by cells Fan etal. (2012)... 

Although several synthetic polymers have been reported to be electrospun successfully and tested with different animal cells, not all of them were approved by FDA as safe biomaterials for biomedical applications. The most commonly known ones are polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and their copolymer polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (Teo and Ramakrishna 2006). 

Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and glycosaminoglycans Satisfactory biocompatibility Good mechanical strength polymer hydrolysis, inconsistent biodegradation rates Munirah et al. (2008)... 

Besides water-soluble polymers, more synthetic polymers are insoluble in water and should be dissolved in organic solvent for electrospinning, such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLLA), PCL, polybutylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate (PBST), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), PAN, poly-sulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol (PEVA), PU, polypyrrole (PPy), polyoxymethylene (POM), PS, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), PVC, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), poly A-vinylcarbazole (PVK), polymeta-phenylene isophthalamide (PMIA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polymer vinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEV). 

Adapted from G. Ledet and T.K. Mandal, US Pharmacist, 2012, 37, 3, Oncology supplement, 7-11. ESA - Erythropoietic-stimulating agents HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus PLGA - Polylactic-co-glycolic acid TNF - Tumor necrosis factor VEGF - Vascular endothelial growth factor ... 

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