Polyethylene highly linear

LDPE = low density polyethylene LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene HDPE = high density polyethylene PP = polypropylene PVC = polyvinyl chloride PS = polystyrene ABS = polyacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. 

Linear polyethylene (high density) was introduced in the late 1950s, with the development of coordination catalysts. Chlorosulfonation of these base resins gave products that were superior to the eadier, low density types in both chemical resistance and mechanical properties and with distinct advantages in mbber processibiUty (6,7). 

Resins and plastics such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HOPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ... 

As shown earlier, the melting point for perfectly linear ADMET polyethylene (Table 8.1) approaches the range of melting point values exhibited by industrially produced, highly linear polyethylenes.40 However, for ADMET polyethylene with a methyl branch placed on every ninth carbon, the 7m is lowered significantly. The melting point of — 14°C and enthalpy of 28 J/g is 150°C and approximately... 

The metal catalyzed production of polyolefins such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polypropylene (PP) has grown into an enormous industry. Heterogeneous transition metal catalysts are used for the vast majority of PE and all of the PP production. These catalysts fall generally within two broad classes. Most commercial PP is isotactic and is produced with a catalyst based on a combination of titanium chloride and alkylaluminum chlorides. HDPE and LLDPE are produced with either a titanium catalyst or one based on chromium supported on silica. Most commercial titanium-based PE catalysts are supported on MgCl2. 

A major characteristic of the Phillips process chain polymerisation of ethylene is that it leads to very limited branching. The resulting polymer is thus highly linear and can reach high levels of crystallinity, hence high densities approaching 0.96-0.97. Such a polyethylene is known as HDPE for "High-density polyethylene". 

The high-density polyethylene is linear and can be manufactured by (i) coordination polymerisation of monomer by triethyl aluminium and tritanium chloride, (ii) polymerisation with supported Metal Oxide Catalysts. Such as chromium or molybdenum oxides supported over alumina-silica bases. 

Low-Density Polyethylene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene High-Density Polyethylene Polypropylene... 

Crystallinity. Is one of the key factors influencing properties. You can think of crystallinity in terms of how well a polymer fits in an imaginary pipe, as in Figure 22-6. Linear, straight chains are highly crystalline and fit very well. Bulky groups, coiled chains, and branched chains are not able to line up to fit in the pipe. They are amorphous, the opposite of crystalline. In a spectrum from totally amorphous, to almost totally crystalline, there is methyl methacrylate, polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and nylon. 

Uses Plasticizer surfactants. Used as a comonomer in the production of high density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene. Starting material for synthesis of a variety of compounds including nananoic acid. 

The principal polyolefins are low-density polyethylene (ldpe), high-density polyethylene (hope), linear low-density polyethylene (lldpe), polypropylene (PP), polyisobutylene (PIB), poly-1-butene (PB), copolymers of ethylene and propylene (EP), and proprietary copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins. Since all these polymers are aliphatic hydrocarbons, the amorphous polymers are soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with similar solubility parameters. Like other alkanes, they are resistant to attack by most ionic and most polar chemicals their usual reactions are limited to combustion, chemical oxidation, chlorination, nitration, and free-radical reactions. 

Butene is used in the plastics industry to make both homopolymers and copolymers. Polybutylene (1-polybutene), polymerized from 1-butene, is a plastic with high tensile strength and other mechanical properties that makes it a tough, strong plastic. High-density polyethylenes and linear low-density polyethylenes are produced through co-polymerization by incorporating butene as a comonomer with ethene. Similarly, butene is used with propene to produce different types of polypropylenes. 

Strong interest in late transition metal olefin polymerization catalysts resulted in the development of new five-coordinate Fe and Co systems (69) that afford highly linear, crystalline, high-density polyethylene.587-589 A new class of single-component, neutral Ni catalysts based on salicylaldimine ligands (70) was reported to be active in the polymerization of ethylene 590,591... 

Film -use of microbial polysaccharides [MICROBIAL POLYSACCHARIDES] (Vol 16) -cellulose esters m [CELLULOSE ESTERS - ORGANIC ESTERS] (Vol 5) -drying of [DRYING] (Vol 8) -by extrusion [PLASTIC PROCESSING] (Vol 19) -ITOPE [OLEFIN POLYMERS - POLYETHYLENE - HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE] (Vol 17) -from LDPE [OLEFIN POLYMERS - POLYETHYLENE - LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE] (Vol 17) -of LLDPE [OLEFIN POLYMERS - POLYETHYLENE - LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE] (Vol 17) -of polyethylene oxide) [POLYETHERS - ETHYLENE OXIDE POLYMERS] (Vol 19) -of polystyrene [STYRENE PLASTICS] (Vol 22) -m printing processes [PRINTING PROCESSES] (Vol 20)... 

Kaminsky catalysts - [OLEFINPOLYMERS - POLYETHYLENE - HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE] (Vol 17) - [OLEFINPOLYMERS - POLYETHYLENE - INTRODUCTION] (Vol 17) -higher a-olefms [OLEFIN POLYMERS - POLYMERS OF HIGHER OLEFINS] (Vol 17) -for LLDPE production [OLEFIN POLYMERS - POLYETHYLENE - LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE] (Vol 17)... 

CPE Conventional (Low Density) Polyethylene LPE Linear (High Density) Polyethylene PP Polypropylene PMP Polymethylpentene... 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

The morphology of a polyethylene blend (a homopolymer prepared from ethylene is a blend of species with different molar mass) after crystallisation is dependent on the blend morphology of the molten system before crystallisation and on the relative tendencies for the different molecular species to crystallise at different temperatures. The latter may lead to phase separation (segregation) of low molar mass species at a relatively fine scale within spherulites this is typical of linear polyethylene. Highly branched polyethylene may show segregation on a larger scale, so-called cellulation. Phase separation in the melt results in spherical domain structures on a large scale. 

Fig. 1. US total sales and captive use of selected thermoplastic resins by major market for 2001. Major market volumes are derived from plastic resins sales and captive use data as compiled by VERIS Consulting, LLC and reported by the American Plastics Council s Plastic Industry Producers Statistics Group. Selected thermoplastics are low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyester, engineering resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, styrene-acrylonitrile, other styrenics, polystyrene, and styrene butadiene latexes. (Data from ref. 25.)...

LDPE, low-density polyethylene HD PE, high-density polyethylene LLDPE, linear low-density polyethylene (6). 

Abbreviations y x AFM AIBN BuMA Ca DCP DMA DMS DSC EGDMA EMA EPDM FT-IR HDPE HTV IPN LDPE LLDPE MA MAA MDI MMA PA PAC PB PBT PBuMA PDMS PDMS-NH2 interfacial tension viscosity ratio atomic force microscopy 2,2 -azobis(isobutyronitrile) butyl methacrylate capillary number dicumyl peroxide dynamic mechanical analysis dynamic mechanical spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ethyl methacrylate ethylene-propylene-diene rubber Fourier transform-infra-red high density polyethylene high temperature vulcanization interpenetrating polymer network low density polyethylene linear low density polyethylene maleic anhydride methacrylic acid 4,4 -diphenylmethanediisocyanate methyl methacrylate poly( amide) poly( acrylate) poly(butadiene) poly(butylene terephtalate) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(dimethylsiloxane) amino-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane)... 

LLDPE is made by a catalytic process very similar to that for HDPE, but it is a softer polyethylene than HDPE with properties similar to those of LDPE. Its properties are achieved by inclusion of comonomers such as butene or hexene. A relatively disordered crystalline state is obtained by introducing many short branches into an otherwise highly linear molecule. Thus, the less expensive equipment of the HDPE process can be used to make a product having the greater flexibility and impact strength characteristic of LDPE. 

Within the family of polyolefins there are many individual families that include low density polyethylenes, linear low density polyethylenes, very low polyethylenes, ultra low polyethylenes, high molecular weight polyethylenes, ultra high molecular weight polyethylenes, polyethylene terephthalates, ethylene-vinyl acetate polyethylenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, crosslinked polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polyisobutylene, ionomers, polymethylpentene, thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers (polyolefin elastomers, TP), and many others. 

LDPE, Low density polyethylene LLDPE, Linear low density polyethylene HDPE, High density polyethylene PP, Polypropylene PVC, Polyvinyl chloride GPS, General purpose polystyrene HIPS, High impact polystyrene SAN, Styrene acrylonitrile ABS, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene PC, Polycarbonate PA, Polyamide PET, Polyethylene terephthalate. 

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