Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons distributions

Mitra, S., Dellapenna, T.M., and Dickhut, R.M. (1999a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution within lower Hudson River estuarine sediments physical mixing vs. sediment geochemistry. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 49, 311-326. 

Stark, A., Abrajano, T., Hellou, J., and Metcalf-Smith, J.L. (2003) Molecular and isotopic characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution and sources at the international segment of the St. Lawrence River. Org. Geochem. 34, 225-237. 

Aromatic solvents or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAFI) in water, e.g. can be detected by QCM coated with bulk-imprinted polymer layers. Flere, the interaction sites are not confined to the surface of the sensitive material but are distributed within the entire bulk leading to very appreciable sensor responses. Additionally, these materials show high selectivity aromatic solvents e.g. can be distinguished both by the number of methyl groups on the ring (toluene vs. xylene, etc.) and by their respective position. Selectivity factors in this case reach values of up to 100. 

Ten Hulscher, T.E.M., van der Velde, L.E., Bruggeman, W.A. (1992) Temperature dependence of Henry s law constants for selected chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11, 1595-1603. Ten Hulscher, T.E.M., Vrind, B., Van den Heuvel, H., van Noort, P., Govern, H. (2003) Influence of desorption and contact time on sediment of spiked polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons relationship with in situ distribution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 1208-1211. 

Al-Saad, H.T. and A.A. Al-Timari. 1989. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH s) in marsh sediments, Iraq. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43 864-869. 

Bestari, K.T.J., R.D. Robinson, K.R. Solomon, T.S. Steele, K.E. Day, and P.K. Sibley. 1998a. Distribution and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within experimental microcosms treated with liquid creosote. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2359-2368. 

Eiceman, G.A., B. Davani, M.E. Wilcox, J.L. Gardea, and J.A. Dodson. 1985. High molecular weight hydrocarbons including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural gas from consumer distribution pipelines and in pipeline residue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19 603-608. 

Johnson, A.C., PF. Larsen, D.F. Gadbois, and A.W. Humason. 1985. The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Penobscot Bay (Maine, USA) in relation to possible sources and to other sites worldwide. Mar. Environ. Res. 5 1-16. 

As observed in mammalian models, the immune system of fishes is a sensitive target organ system to evaluate toxicity. For a more thorough review of environmental immunotoxicology in fishes, with reference to specific classes of xenobiotics, readers are referred to several reviews that deal with the subject over a span of nearly three decades [45-47, 54-57], While fish in the environment may be exposed to a variety of xenobiotics, the most frequently investigated xenobiotics are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) due to the presence and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in fish, and heavy metals due to their ubiquitous environmental distribution. 

Fig. 5a-c. A typical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a atmospheric fallout sample, Alexandria City - Egypt b bottom incineration ash leachate of municipal solid waste - USA c hydrothermal petroleum, Escanaba Trough, NE Pacific Ocean. PAH Compound identifications N = naphthalene, MN = methylnaphthalene, DMN = dimethylnaphthalenes, P = phenanthrene, MP = methylphenanthrene, Fl = fluoranthene, Py = pyrene, BaAN = benzol anthracene, DH-Py = dihydropyrene, 2,3-BF = 2,3-benzofluorene, BFL = benzo[fc,/c]fluoranthene, BeP = benzo[e]pyrene, BaP = benzo[a]pyrene, Per = perylene, Cx-228 = methyl-228 series, Indeno = indeno[ l,2,3-c,d]pyrene, DBAN = dibenz[a,/z]anthracene, BPer = benzo[g,/z,z] perylene, AAN = anthanthrene, DBTH = dibenzothiophene, Cor = coronene, DBP = dibenzo [a,e]pyrene, DBPer = dibenzo [g,h,i] perylene... 

Axelman, J. Ntes, K. Naf, C. Broman, D. 1999, Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in semipermeable membrane devices and caged mussels (Mvtilus edulisl in relation to water column phase distribution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 2454-2461. 

Gordon, R.J., (1976) "Distribution of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Throughout Los Angeles",... 

In a similar study, Allen and co-workers (1996) determined the particle size distribution for 15 PAHs with molecular weights ranging from 178 (e.g., phenan-threne) to 300 (coronene) and associated with urban aerosols in Boston, Massachusetts. As for BaP in the winter (Venkataraman and Friedlander, 1994b), PAHs with MW >228 were primarily present in the fine aerosol fraction (Dp < 2 /Am). A study of 6-ring, MW 302 PAH at the same site showed bimodal distributions, with most of the mass in the 0.3- to 1.0-/zm particle size size range a smaller fraction was in the ultrafine mode particles (0.09-0.14 /xm) (Allen et al., 1998). For PAHs with MW 178—202, the compounds were approximately evenly distributed between the fine and coarse (D > 2 /am) fractions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated aerosols col-... 

Aceves, M., and J. O. Grimalt, Seasonally Dependent Size Distributions of Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ur-... 

Baek, S. O., M. E. Goldstone, P. W. W. Kirk, J. N. Lester, and R. Perry, Phase Distribution and Particle Size Dependency of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmosphere, Chemosphere, 22, 503-520 (1991b). 

Gundel, L. A., V. C. Lee, K. R. R. Mahanama, R. K. Stevens, and J. M. Daisey, Direct Determination of the Phase Distributions of Semi-Volatile Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Annular Denuders, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1719-1733 (1995a). 

Masclet, P., P. Pistikopoulos, S. Beyne, and G. Mouvier, Long Range Transport and Gas/Particle Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Remote Site in the Mediterranean Sea, Atmos. Environ., 22, 639-650 (1988). 

Pistikopoulos, P., H. M. Wortham, L. Gomes, S. Masclet-Beyne, E. B. Nguyen, P. A. Masclet, and G. Mouvier, Mechaisms of Formation of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Size Distribution Effects on Meso-Scale Transport, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2573-2584 (1990b). 

Pott, F., and G. Oberdorster, Intake and Distribution of PAH, in Environmental Carcinogens Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (G. Grimmer, Ed.), pp. 129-156, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1983. 

Venkataraman, C., J. M. Lyons, and S. K. Friedlander, Size Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon. 1. Sampling, Measurement Methods, and Source Characterization, Environ. Sci. Technol, 28, 555-562 (1994a). 

Wilson, N. K., T. R. McCurdy, and J. C. Chuang, Concentrations and Phase Distributions of Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2575-2584 (1995). 

LaFlamme, R. E. Hites, R. A. (1984). The global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43, 289-303. 

Rodgers et al. [85] identified soil surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through the use of real-time aerosol mass spectrometry in two NIST standard research material soils (Montana SRM 2710 and Peruvian SRM 4355), each contaminated separately with three common petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel fuel, gasoline and kerosene). This method required no sample preparation. Direct laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometric analysis of individual soil particles contaminated with each of the petroleum hydrocarbons at three different contamination levels (0.8,8, and 80 ppth (wt/wt)) yielded detectable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cation distributions that ranged from m/z 128 to 234, depending on the fuel contaminant. The same analysis... 

Direct determination of the phase distributions of semi-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using annular denuders. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 1719-33. 

Lewis, R.G., Fortune, C.R., Willis, R.D., Camann, D.E. and Andey, J.T. (1999) Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 721-6. 

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are semivolatile compounds which undergo exchange between air and atmospheric particles, soils, and vegetation. Classes of POPs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs, PCDFs). The distribution of these substances between the particle and gas phases in the atmosphere is a... 

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