Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

Ecological danger of polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans 97MI26, 97MI45, 98MI33, 98MI34. 

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in contrast to other chlorinated chemicals, have never been commercially manufactured nor are of any benefit or known use. PCDD/Fs are ubiquitous contaminants, which are released as byproducts of incomplete combustion or as impurities in chemical processes, and that their levels in the environment are increasing. 

Mackay, D., W.-Y. Shiu, and K.C. Ma. 1992b. Illustrated Handbook of Physical - Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate of Organic Compounds. II. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 597 pages. 

Flesch-Janys, D., H. Becher, P. Gurn, D. Jung, J. Konietzko, A. Manz, and O. Papke. 1996. Elimination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in occupationally exposed persons. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 47(4) 363-378. 

Eschenroeder A, Jaeger RJ, Ospital JJ, et al. 1986. Health risk analysis of human exposures to soil amended with sewage sludge contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Vet Hum Toxicol 28 435-442. 

Furst P, Meemken HA, Groebel W. 1986. Determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in human milk. Chemosphere 15 1977-1980. 

Schecter A, Constable JD, Bangert JV, et al. 1989b. Isomer specific measurement of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran isomers in human blood from American Vietnam veterans two decades after exposure to Agent Orange. Chemosphere 18 531-538. 

Schecter A, Furst P. Furst C, et al. 1989c. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in cow s milk and in soybean derived infant formulas sold in the United Sates and other countries. Chemosphere 19 913-918. 

Tarkowski S, Yijanheikki E. 1989. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in human milk An interim health risk evaluation. Chemosphere 18 1107-1113. 

Zoller W, Ballschmiter K (1986), Fresenius Z. Anal Chem. 323 19-23. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans by heating chlorophenols and chloiophenates at various temperatures"... 

Gullett BK, Bruce KR, Beach LO (1992), Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 1938-1943. Effect of sulfur dioxide on the formation mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran in municipal waste combustors"... 

Warnatz J, Maas U, Dibble RW (1996), Combustion Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modeling and Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation . Springer, Berlin Zoller W, Ballschmiter K (1986), Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 323 19-23.. .Formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans by heating chlorophenols and chlorophenates at various temperatures"... 

Buser HR (1991), in IARC Scientific Publication No. 108. Environmental Carcinogens Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement, Vol. 11 Polychlorinated Dioxins and Diben-zofurans Review of methods of analysis for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans", p.105-146, Eds. Rappe C, Buser HR, Dodet B, O Neill IK International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon... 

Facchetti S, Larsen B (1994), Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 348 159-163. Use of supercritical fluid extraction in the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans"... 

Czuczwa JM, McVeety BD, Hites RA (1985), Chemosphere 14 623-626.. .Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale ... 

Persistent or non-degradable environmental chemicals - even those with low volatility - may be dispersed around the globe. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD, PCDF), l,l,l-trichlor-2,2-bis(4-chlorphenyl)-ethan DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) have been found in samples from the Arctic and Antarctic and in the tissues of marine animals. Although the open use of many of these chemicals has been prohibited in most industrialized countries, considerable residues still remain in the environment. It is estimated that about 20% of the global production of PCBs (230 000 t/a) persists in the upper layers of the oceans and that a further 7901 are present in the atmosphere (Fiedler and Lau, 1998). Such contamination may accumulate in organisms and have negative effects that go as far as the death of whole populations in ecosystems (Jdrgensen, 1998). 

Pham Hoang Phiet, Trinh Kim Anh, Dan Quoc Vu, and A. Schecter. 1988. Preliminary observations on the clinical histories, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuran tissue levels and 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents of potentially dioxin-exposed patients living in the south of Vietnam. Chemosphere 79(1-6) 937-40. 

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) ND-1.1X10= ND-l.lXlO- 0.01-0.43 [16-18]... 

PCBs and PCDDs. In Diarylide Yellow manufacture, the use of formate buffer to enhance pigment transparency for offset ink was discontinued in the nineteen seventies, when it was realized that polychlorinated biphenyls were being produced as an undesirable by-product of the coupling reaction. In Phthalocyanine Blue crude synthesis, the commonly used solvent, trichlorobenzene, was also discontinued in the US, as a potential source of poly-chlorinated biphenyls. More recently, use of chloranil, manufactured from chlorinated phenols, has been discontinued in the synthesis of dioxazine violet crude and sulfonated dioxazine acid dyes, so as to minimize by-product formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). A new grade ofhigh purity chloranil is now produced from hydroquinone for dye and pigment manufacture. 

Naf, C., Some Biotic and Abiotic Aspects of the Environmental Chemistry ofPAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and PCDD/Fs (Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans), PhD dissertation, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, 1991, 66 pp. 

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