Polychlorinated biphenyls sorption

Girvin, D.C. and Scott, A.J. Polychlorinated biphenyl sorption by soils measurement of soil-water partition coefficients at equilibrium, Chemosphere, 35 (9) 2007-2025. 1997. 

The duration of the remediation is dependent on the soil type, water content, and the nature of the contaminants. The HRUBOUT process cannot remove metals from soils. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cannot be totally removed. The in situ HRUBOUT process is designed for removing contaminants from the vadose zone, (i.e., the zone between the surface aud the water table). Low permeability lowers system effectiveness and raises remediation costs. Soils with variable permeabilities may cause uneven delivery of air to contaminants. VOC removal rates may be reduced by high organic content in the soil because soil orgauics have a high VOC-sorption capacity. 

In most wastes and wastewater, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and particulate matter are found in the aqueous phase. The fraction of PCBs associated with each phase depends on the hydrophobicity. The congeners containing more chlorine substituents have a stronger tendency to associate with particulate. PCBs sorbed to surfaces such as diatomaceous earth are not oxidized by aqueous OH at an appreciable rate relative to the reaction rate of OH with solution-phase PCBs. Sedlak and Andren (1994) performed a quantitative evaluation of the effect of sorption to particulate matter on the rate of PCB oxidation by OH. The transformations of three PCB congeners — 2-monochlorobiphenyl (MClBp) 2,2, 5-trichlorobiphe-nyl (TrCIBp) and 2,2, 4,5,5 -pentachlorobiphenyl (PeCIBp) — were studied at an initial concentration of 1 pM of PCB solution. Data from the experiments were compared with predictions from quantitative kinetic models that used independently determined data on reaction rates and OH concentrations. 

Falconer, R.L., T.F. Bidleman, and W.E. Cotham. 1995. Preferential sorption of non- and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls to urban aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 1666-1673. 

Coates, J.T. (1984) Sorption Equilibria and Kinetics for Selected Polychlorinated Biphenyls on River Sediments. Ph.D. Thesis, Clemson University. 

Lara, R., Ernst, W. (1990) Sorption of polychlorinated biphenyls on marine sediment I. The role of the organic carbon content. Environ. Technol. 11, 83-92. 

Webb, R.G., McCall, A.C. (1972) Identities of polychlorinated biphenyl isomers in Aroclors. J. Assoc. OfFic. Anal. Chem. 55, 746. Weber Jr., W.J., Voice, T.C., Pirbazari, M., Hunt, G.E., Ulanoff, D.M. (1983) Sorption of hydrophobic compounds by sediments, soils and suspended solids-H. Water Res. 17(10), 1443-1452. 

Sedlak DL, Andren AW. The effect of sorption on the oxidation of polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) by hydroxyl radical. Water Res 1994 28 1207-1215. 

The Hydrophobic Effect Hydrophobic Sorption Hydrophobic ( water-hating ) compounds, for example, hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as the polychlorinated biphenyls are soluble in many nonpolar solvents but not readily soluble in water. Because of the incompatibility of the hydro-phobic substance with water, these substances have a tendency to avoid contact with water and seek to associate with nonpolar environments such as the surface of a mineral or an organic particle (Tanford, 1980). The sorption of hydro-phobic substances to solid materials (particles, soils, sediments) that contain organic carbon may be compared with the partitioning of a solute between two solvents—water and the organic phase. 

Observed Soil and Sediment Sorption Coefficients (Kq, ) for Polychlorinated Biphenyls Congeners... 

Lung, S.-C., Yanagisawa, Y.. Ford, T.E. and Spengler, J.D. (2000) Characteristics of sorption losses of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners onto glass surfaces, Chemosphere, 41, pp. 1857-1864. 

Jonker MTO, Koelmans AA (2002) Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls to soot and soot-like materials in the aqueous environment mechanistic considerations. Environ Sci Technol 36 3725-3734 Junge CE (1977) Fate of pollutants in the air and water environments. Part I. Wiley, New York Karelson M, Lobanov VS, Katritzky AR (1996) Quantum-chemical descriptors in QSAR/QSPR studies. Chem Rev 96 1027-1043... 

Falconer RL, Bidleman TF, Gotham WE (1995) Preferential sorption of non- and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls to urban aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 29 1666-1673 Farrar NJ, Smith KEC, Lee RGM et al (2004) Atmospheric emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other persistent organic pollutants during a major anthropogenic combustion event. Environ Sci Technol 38 1681—1685 Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T et al (1997) Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmos Environ 31 2289-2296 Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (1986) Atmospheric chemistry fundamentals and experimental techniques. Wiley, New York... 

This study was undertaken to test the ability of our previous molecular connectivity models to accurately predict the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylbenzenes, alkenylbenzenes, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, heterocyclic arid substituted PAHs, and halogenated phenols. Tests performed on large groups of such compounds clearly demonstrate that these simple nonempirical models accurately predict the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of the above compounds. Moreover, they outperform traditional empirical models based on 1-octanol/ water partition coefficients or water solubilities in accuracy, speed, and range of applicability. These results show that the molecular connectivity models are a very accurate predictive tool for the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of a wide range of organic chemicals and that it can be confidently used to rank potentially hazardous chemicals and thus to create a priority testing list. ... 

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