Polychlorinated biphenyls sewage

Mangas E, Vaquero MT, Comllas L, Broto-Puig F (1998) Analysis and fate of aliphatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge-amended soils. Chemosphere 36 61-72... 

Chlorinated aromatic compounds are commonly found as contaminants in environmental soil samples. For example, chlorobenzenes have been listed as priority pollutants and can be found in various matrixes such as water, soils, sediments and sewage sludges. Polychlorinated biphenyls are probable human carcinogens but have been applied in large doses in various industrial products. Analysis of these compounds in solid matrixes, such as soils and sediments, requires several steps. 

Lawrence J., Tosine, H.M. (1976) Adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyls from aqueous solutions and sewage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 381-383. 

Bloomington, Indiana Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB s) Industrial waste contaminating municipal sewage used for garden manure Direct contact and possibly food chain... 

Fries, G.T. 1982. Potential polychlorinated biphenyl residues in animal products from application of contaminated sewage sludge to land. Journal of Environmental Quality, 11 14—20. 

Berset, J.D. Holzer, R. Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludges using supercritical fluid extraction and mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr., A 1999, 852, 545-558. 

Table 2 Polychlorinated biphenyls in arable soils after the application of sewage sludge...

McINTYRE, A.E., and LESTER, J.N. (1982) Polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine insecticide concentrations in forty sewage sludges in England. Environ. Pollut (Series B) 3 25-230. 

Alcock RE, Bacon J, Bardget RD, et al. 1996. Persistence and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge-amended agricultural soils. Environ Pollut 93(l) 83-92. 

Baker EL Jr., Landrigan PJ, Glueck CJ, et al. 1980. Metabolic consequences of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in sewage sludge. Am J Epidemiol 112(4) 553-563. 

Gutenmann HW, Rutzke M, Kuntz HT, et al. 1994. Elements and polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludges of large cities in the United States. Chemosphere 28(4) 725-728. 

Lawrence J and Toxine HM. 1977. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in sewage and sludges of some waste treatment plants in southern Ontario. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 17 49-56. 

Such natural services may be interrupted in other ways. If the chemical or sewage plant upstream puts something toxic into the stream that the water treatment plant of the city downstream cannot remove by standard treatments, a new water supply or a new treatment method will have to be found at increased cost. In earlier years before the toxicity of the polychlorinated biphenyls was fully appreciated, General Electric released enough of them into the Hudson River north of Albany, New York that the whole Hudson River from Hudson Falls to New York City is now a Superfund site.7 Fishermen are advised not to eat the fish that they catch. It is not always easy to calculate the cost of a fishery lost to toxic heavy metal ions or acids draining out of a mine site.8 One settlement, involving a salmon fishery in a river in Idaho, was for 60 million dollars. The Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska cost Exxon 3 billion dollars. The persons whose wells become contaminated by leachate from the nearby landfill will face the costs of bringing water from a distance. This was a cost that was not included when the landfill was built. The U. S. National Research Council has recommended that the U. S. Department of Commerce resume development of a method to better measure environmental costs.9... 

Zurmiihl, T., Development of a method for the determination of phthalate esters in sewage sludge including chromatographic separation from polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Ana/yjr, 115, 1171-1175, 1990. 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB s), Aroclors, manufactured by the chlorination of biphenyl, are distillation fractions containing 20 or more PCB isomers. They are used widely in industry and have become ubiquitous pollutants of the aquatic environment (IS). By using GC-MS methods PCB s have been found in bald eagles (16) and in human adipose tissue (17). Bonelli (18) has used a GC-MS-computer system to analyze for PCB s in sewage eflBiuents and fish. We have used mass spectrometry... 

Berset, J.D. Holzer, R. Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludges using supercritical fluid extraction and mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr., A 1999, 852, 545-558. Gongalves, C. De-Rezende Pinto, M. Alpendurada, MJ. Benefits of a binary modifier with balanced polarity for an efficient supercritical fluid extraction of PAHs from solid samples followed by HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2001, 24 (19), 2943 -2959. 

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