Polycarbonate polyester dependence

A very wide range of plastics are coloured with pigments including PVC, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, elastomers, thermosets and thermoplastics. The choice of pigment is obviously dependent on which plastic... 

Hole transport in polymers occurs by charge transfer between adjacent donor functionalities. The functionalities can be associated with a dopant molecule, pendant groups of a polymer, or the polymer main chain. Most literature references are of doped polymers. The more common donor molecules include various arylalkane, arylamine, enamine, hydrazone, oxadiazole, oxazole, and pyrazoline derivatives. Commonly used polymers are polycarbonates, polyesters, and poly(styrene)s. Transport processes in these materials are unipolar. The mobilities are very low, strongly field and temperature dependent, as well as dependent on the dopant molecule, dopant concentration, and the polymer host This chapter reviews hole transport in polymers and doped polymers of potential relevance to xerography. The organization is by chemical classification. The discussion mainly includes molecularly doped, pendant, and... 

The choice of the membrane depends on several factors chemical and thermal resistance to the process conditions, sharp separation, wettability of the membrane, tendency to adsorb hydrophobic materials and resistance to cleaning. The most common polymeric materials are PTFE, PVDF, PP, PS, CA/CN, CTA, PE, polycarbonate, polyester, poly ether imide and nylon 6. Of these, only PTFE, PVDF and PP have excellent to good chemical stabiHty. Even though hydrophilic CA/CN and CTA membranes have limited chemical stabiHty, they are best suited for treating high fouling feeds using tubular membranes. 

A wide variety of thermoplastics have been used as the base for reinforced plastics. These include polypropylene, nylon, styrene-based materials, thermoplastic polyesters, acetal, polycarbonate, polysulphone, etc. The choice of a reinforced thermoplastic depends on a wide range of factors which includes the nature of the application, the service environment and costs. In many cases conventional thermoplastic processing techniques can be used to produce moulded articles (see Chapter 4). Some typical properties of fibre reinforced nylon are given in Table 3.2. 

Other reports on the morphology and mechanical behavior of organosiloxane containing copolymeric systems include polyurethanes 201 202), aliphatic 185, 86) and aromatic117,195> polyesters, polycarbonates 233 236>, polyhydroxyethers69,311, siloxane zwitterionomers 294 295) and epoxy networks 115>. All of these systems display two phase morphologies and composition dependent mechanical properties, as expected. 

Blending of polymers is an attractive method of producing new materials with better properties. Blends of aliphatic polyesters, especially of poly(e-CL), have been investigated extensively and have been the subject of a recent review paper [170]. Poly(e-CL) has been reported to be miscible with several polymers such as PVC, chlorinated polyethylene, SAN, bisphenol A polycarbonate, random copolymers of Vdc and VC, Vdc and AN, and Vdc/VAc, etc. A single composition-dependent Tg was obtained in the blends of each of these polymers with poly(e-CL). This is of interest as a polymeric plasticizer in these polymers. Blends of PVC and poly(e-CL) with less than 50 wt % of poly(e-CL) were homogeneous and exhibited a single Tg. These blends were soft and pliable because the inherent crystallinity of poly(e-CL) was destroyed and PVC was plasticized... 

Sinicropi et al. (1996a) measured hole mobilities of ENA-B doped into a series of polymers poly(styrene) (P-1), bisphenol-A polycarbonate (P-2), pofy(4,4 -isopropylidene bisphenylene-co-4,4 -hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis-phenylene (50/50) terephthalate-co-azelate (65/35) (P-3), poly(4,4 -(2-norbotyli-dene)diphenylene terephthalate-co-azelate (40/60) (P-4), a phosgene-based polyester carbonate (P-5), and poly(vinyl butyral) (P-6). The ENA-B concentrations were 45%. Figure 64 shows the room temperature field dependencies. The mobilities vary by over four orders of magnitude. The field and temperature dependencies were described as log/i fiEl/2 and -(TJT)2. Table S summarizes the results. 

Enokida et al. (1993) measured hole mobilities of dispersions of y-TiOPc in a series of polymers polyaciylate (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyester (PES), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(styrene) (PS), polysulfone (PSL), poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK). Over a wide range of fields and temperatures, the results followed a logn < pE relationship. The temperature dependencies were described by an Arrhenius relationship with slopes that decreased with increasing field. For all temperatures, the maximum mobilities were observed at approximately 30% TiOPc. The results were also dependent on the specific form of the pigment as well as the polymer. Figure 81 shows the results obtained with different polymers. The TiOPc concentration was 30% and the temperature 295 K. 

Polymer blends based on a polyester and a polycarbonate have been shown to be immiscible provided no transesterification reaction occurs (Porter Wang, 1992). Heat treatment of the same blends yielded different degrees of compatibility depending on the temperature and duration of the treatment, as well as on the presence and type of catalyst. This method has been successfully used to increase the compatibility of different polymers with poly(bisphenol-A-carbonate) (PC). 

The plastics industry and all the products made from plastics are almost entirely dependent on chemicals extracted or produced from hydrocarbons. This includes not only the familiar materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), epoxies, nylon, polyesters, polycarbonate. Teflon and Plexiglas, but also includes a large portion of materials made from rubber and a diverse group of other materials formulated from polymers such as tape, glue, ink, waterproofing, wax, and polishes. Virtually all the synthetic fibers used in textile products, Orion , Dacron , Nylon and polyesters are made from polymers based on hydrocarbons. 

Solution monomer dispersed in solvent with soluble catalyst free radical, ionic, Zeigler Nichols thermosets, acrylics, PVAlc, PVC, polybutadiene, polypropylene, melamine phenolic resins, polyisoprene, polycarbonate, chlorinated polyesters glass or s/s STR (2-8 kW/m mixen heat transfer area = 1-4 m /m depending on the volume of the reactor with small area associated with large volumes). 

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