Poly succinate

Scheme 1.48. Grafting of maleic anhydride to polypropylene (PP) to give either in-chain isolated succinic anhydride groups or a terminal grafted chain of poly(succinic anhydride).

The extruder can be used for a variety of polymerizations even if no preformed polymer is present.89 These include the continuous anionic polymerization of caprolactam to produce nylon 6,90 anionic polymerization of capro-lactone 91 anionic polymerization of styrene 92 cationic copolymerization of 1,3-dioxolane and methylal 93 free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate 94 addition of ammonia to maleic anhydride to form poly(succin-imide) 95 and preparation of an acrylated polyurethane from polycaprolactone, 4,4 -methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate.96 The technique of reaction injection molding to prepare molded parts is slightly different. Polyurethanes can be made this way by... 

The formulation of aqueous injectable suspensions follows, in general, the same lines that were e.stablished when drugs such as cortisone, penicillin, or pro-caine were first prepared in this form. The main ingredients are, in addition to the active compound, wetting agents and protective colloids. As in the case of reconslitutable suspensions, polysorbate 80 is most frequently used to decrease the solid-liquid interfacial tension, this promoting the sustitution of a solid-air interface by a solid-water one. Another surfactant that is often employed is siv dium poly succinate. 

The linear polymers and copolymers prepared by this approach were spin-coated onto various vinyl-silanized silica materials and subsequently cross-linked employing azobis-/-butyronitrile (AIBN) to yield a poly(succinic acid)-derivatized support (Figure 2). 

PLLA-6-poly(succinic 37 Distilled water Solid [215]... 

Poly(succinic acid-1,4-butandiol)-co-(succinic acid-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol) Brittle after 4 w [100]... 

Figure 1. Temperature variation of the conductivity for a cross-section of polymer electrolytes. PESc, poly (ethylene succinate) PEO, polyethylene oxide) PPO, polypropylene oxide) PEI, poly(ethyleneimine) MEEP, poly(methoxyethoxy-ethoxyphosphazene) aPEO, amorphous methoxy-linked PEO PAN, polyacrylonitrile PC, propylene carbonate EC, ethylene carbonate.

Poly(ethylene succinate) Lunare SE Nippon Shokubai Environmental Petrochemistry... 

Bionolle PBSU poly(butylene succinate) Bionolle PESU poly(ethylene succinate), ref. 110. eEastar Bio poly(tetramethylene adipate-co-terephthalate), ref. 457. 

Convincing evidence for a surface erosion process is shown in Fig. 8, which shows the concomitant release of the incorporated marker, methylene blue, release of the anhydride excipient hydrolysis product, succinic acid, and total weight loss of the device. According to these data, the release of an incorporated drug from an anhydride-catalyzed erosion of poly (ortho esters) can be unambiguously described by a polymer surface erosion mechanism. 

Bis(4-formylphenyl) succinate 2201 and octamethylene N,N -bis(trimethylsilyl) carbamate 2202 condense with aUyltrimethylsilane 82 in the presence of 10 mol% trityl perchlorate or TMSOTf 20 to give, after 24 h at 0°C in CH2CI2, the poly-... 

Lourengo also prepared poly-(ethylene succinate)... 

Poly-(iV-/3-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hyd-roxypiperidyl succinate) (II) (Figure 4.15) is an oligomer where n is assumed to be 2-14, whereas the majority of the product is believed to be n = 11-14. The average molecular weight, determined by SEC,... 

Figure 4.15 HAS compound with IUPAC name poly-(A-/i-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidyl succinate)...

A variety of reagents could be used to carry out such a conversion (18,19). We chose to react the alkoxide ion with succinic anhydride (SA), because the alkoxide ion could be converted quantitatively to the carboxylate ion when excess of SA is used, and also because no side reactions are reported (19). The carboxylate anion, 3, thus formed was used to polymerize PVL giving the masked poly(oxyethylene)-b-po y(pivalolactone) co-polymeric salt, 4. The salt, 4, was converted to the teiechelomer, 5, by acid hydrolysis.. ... 

The possibility exists that the acid used in hydrolysis could catalyze the hydrolysis of the succinic ester group in the middle of the telechelomer itself. Even though NMR ( H and C) cannot easily eliminate this possibility, we have evidence that such a hydrolysis did not take place. For instance, hydrolysis should result in the formation of poly(pivalolactone) which is insoluble both in methylene chloride and water, but no insolubles were evident. Also, the Gel Permeation Chromatograms do not show impurities in the product. 

With respect to macromolecular drug-carrier approaches, the linear polysaccharide poly a-l,6-maltotriose (pullulan -OH) was combined with l-aminopropan-2-ol via the succinate ester in the following way [1613... 

PHAs consisting of 4HB are other examples which can be synthesized from simple, unrelated carbon sources. Recombinant strains of E. coli expressing phaCRe and orfZ from Clostridium kluyveri synthesized poly(3HB-co-4HB) or even poly(4HB) homopolyester if 4-hydroxybutyrate was used as carbon source [90]. When additional succinate degradation genes from C. kluyveri were expressed in the recombinant E. coli, poly(3HB-co-4HB) with a low content of 4HB was synthesized from glucose [118]. 

Relationship between poly(3HB) depolymerase synthesis and uptake of succinate 88 Depolymerase with acidic pH optimum 183... 

In contrast to all other known poly(3HB)-degrading bacteria poly(3HB) depolymerase production by P. lemoignei is maximal during growth on succinate... 

A third example combines cationic ROP and ATRP for the synthesis of (polytetrahydrofurane)(poly-l,3-dioxepane)(PS) miktoarm stars (Scheme 99). The initiating sites for the above polymerization were created step-by-step from amino-succinic acid (Scheme 99). 

Anderson, J. M., Komis, T., Nelson, T., Horst, M., and Love, D. S., The Slow Release of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate from Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Membranes, in Hydrogels for Medical and Related Applications (J. D. Andrade, Ed.), American Chemical Society Washington, pp. 167-178. 1976. 

Another class of PSA-fatty acid-based copolymers has been synthesized from the ricinoleic acid and ricinoleic half-esters with maleic and succinic anhydride, poly(sebacic-co-ricinoleic acid maleate), poly(sebacic-co-ricinoleic acid succinate), and poly(sebacic-co-12-hydroxystearic acid succinate) (P(SA-RAM), P(SA-RAS), and P(SA-HSAS)) (Krasko et al., 2003 Teomim et al., 1999). These syntheses result in poly(anhydride-co-esters). 

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