Poly /siliceous hybrids

The third type is a hybrid of the first two with poly-silicic acid chains joining preformed colloidal silica particles. Hybrid gels are formed by neutralization of mixtures of silicates and colloidal silica sols. 

So SY, Yoon YJ, Kim TH, Yoon K, Hong YT. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)/functionalized silicate hybrid proton conductors for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Membr Sci 2011 381(l-2) 204-10. 

Marras, S.I., Zuburtikudis, 1., Panayiotou, C. Nanostructure vs. microstructure Morphological and theimomechanical characterization of poly(l-lactic acid)/layered silicate hybrids. Eur. Polymer J. 43, 2191-2206 (2007)... 

Vaslilakos, S. P. Tarantili, P. A., Mechanical Properties and Nanostructure Correlation of Condensed-Type Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Layered Silicate Hybrids. J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012,125, 548-560. 

Composite solid polymer electrolyte (CSPE) based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)/siliceous hybrids... 

Pereira, A.P.V., Vasconcelos, W.L and Orefice, R.K. (2000) Novel multicomponent silicate-poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids with controlled... 

Poly(ethylene oxide). The synthesis and subsequent hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxysilane-terminated macromonomers have been studied (39,40). Using 29Si-nmr and size-exdusion chromatography (sec) the evolution of the silicate structures on the alkoxysilane-terminated polyethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers of controlled functionality was observed. Also, the effect of vitrification upon the network cross-link density of the developing inorganic—organic hybrid using percolation and mean-fidd theory was considered. 

Poly(vinyl acetate). The dielectric and mechanical spectra of hybrids produced by mixing a poly (vinyl acetate)—THF solution with TEOS, followed by the addition of HC1 have been investigated (45). Mixtures were made which were believed to be 0, 5, 10,15, and 20 wt °/o Si02, respectively. These composites were transparent and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) revealed hydrogen bonding between the silicate network and carbonyl units of the poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). No shift in the T of the composites from that of the pure PVAc was observed. Similady, the activation... 

In addition, two end-tethered delaminated hybrid systems prepared by in-situ polymerization - (a) Poly( -caprolactone)-montmorillonite (PCLC) and (b) nylon-6-montmorillonite (NCH) - wherein the polymer chains are end-tethered to the silicate surface via cationic surfactants [54] (Fig. 20), were also studied. 

Fig. 27. Steady-shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for a series of delaminated hybrids of poly(dimethylsiloxane) with dimethylditallow-MMT with varying levels of silicate loading at T=28 °C...

Sumita M, Tsukumo Y, Miyasaka K et al (1983) Tensile yield stress of polypropylene composites filled with ultrafine particles. J Mater Sci 18 1758—1764 Thellen C, Orroth C, Froio D et al (2005) Influence of montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly(l-lactide) blown films. Polymer 46 1716-11727 Uyama H, Kuwabara M, Tsujimoto T et al (2003) Green nanocomposites from renewable resources plant oil-clay hybrid materials. Chem Mater 15 2492-2494 Wang SF, Shen L, Zhang WD et al (2005a) Preparation and mechanical properties of chitosan/ carhon nanotuhes composites. Biomactomolecules 6 3067—3072... 

A model poly(ethylene oxide)/laponite hybrid material, characterized by a high silicate content, was used to probe the dynamical behaviour of polymer chains at the surface with clay platelets. Such a system mimics the intercalated phases that may occur in polymer/clay nanocomposites. The segmental motions of this system were monitored over the tens of microseconds time scale by means of C and H solid-state NMR. A significant slowing down of these motions was mostly observed, as compared to the local dynamics in the amorphous phase of neat PEO. ... 

The organic-inorganic hybrid materials have shown significant increases in properties compared to the conventional composites or neat polymers. The degree of dispersion of nanofiUers in a polymer matrix and the processing method play a key role on the final properties of the materials. Key objectives of researches are to design nanocomposites with enhanced properties at low filler contents. Different modified clays have been used in view of these objectives [31,52], There are reports on the use of ammonium-treated layered silicates [52,53], whereas the use of thermostable ILs such as pyridinium, imidazolium, or phosphonium is poorly reported. However, their combinations with poly(styrene) (PS) [54], PE [55], PP [56], poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) [57], and PET matrices [58] have been reported in the literature. 

Huang H.H., Wilkes G.L. Structure-property behavior of new hybrid materials incorporating ohgomeric poly(tetramethylene oxide) with inorganic silicates by a sol-gel process. 3. Effect of oligomeric molecular weight. Polym. Bull. 1987 18(5) 455-462... 

Messersmith P B and Giannelis E P (1995) Synthe and barrier propei-ties of poly(e-caprolactoiie)-layered silicate nanocompoates, J Polym Sci Part A 33 1047-1057. Kojima Y, Usuki A, Okada A, Kurauchi T and Kamigaito 0 (1993) Mechanical properties of nylon 6-clay hybrid, J Mater Res 8 1179-1184. 

N3P3CI6 was used for the preparation of phosphazene-containing poly(o3ypropylene)amines (168). The latter when mixed with exfoliated silicate platelets afforded hybrid materials which were used in epmy composites affording good fire retarding effect. ... 

Maiti P., Nam P. H., Okamoto M., Hasegawa N. and Usuki A., Influence of crystallization on intercalation, morphology, and mechanical properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites . Macromolecules, 2002, 35, 2042-2049. Galgah G., Ramesh C. and Lele A., Rheological study on the kinetics of hybrid formation in polypropylene nanocomposites , Macromolecules, 2001, 34, 852-858. Abranyi A., Szazdi L., Pukanszky Jr B., Vancso G. J. and Pukanszky B., Formation and detection of clay network structure in poly(propylene)/layered silicate nanocomposites , Macromol Rapid Commun, 2006, 27, 132—135. 

William et al. (2005) reviewed various techniques for characterization and trends in the field of nanocomposites. These are new materials made with fillers, which have nanosize and have a big potential for applications in the automotive and aerospace industiy as well as in construction, electrical applications and food packing. There is a tremendous interest for using bio-nanoparticles in the new era of biocomposites by using synthetic and natural fillers in polymer nanocomposites. Aranda et al. (1998) studied the microwave-assisted blending-intercalation of ion-conductor polymers into layered silicates. They prepared organo-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites derived from poly(ethylene oxide) and montmorillonite silicate. They observed that ionic conductivity was enhanced as compared to samples prepared by intercalation from solution. 

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