Poly perchlorate

Pyrotechnic mixtures may also contain additional components that are added to modify the bum rate, enhance the pyrotechnic effect, or serve as a binder to maintain the homogeneity of the blended mixture and provide mechanical strength when the composition is pressed or consoHdated into a tube or other container. These additional components may also function as oxidizers or fuels in the composition, and it can be anticipated that the heat output, bum rate, and ignition sensitivity may all be affected by the addition of another component to a pyrotechnic composition. An example of an additional component is the use of a catalyst, such as iron oxide, to enhance the decomposition rate of ammonium perchlorate. Diatomaceous earth or coarse sawdust may be used to slow up the bum rate of a composition, or magnesium carbonate (an acid neutralizer) may be added to help stabilize mixtures that contain an acid-sensitive component such as potassium chlorate. Binders include such materials as dextrin (partially hydrolyzed starch), various gums, and assorted polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), epoxies, and polyesters. Polybutadiene mbber binders are widely used as fuels and binders in the soHd propellant industry. The production of colored flames is enhanced by the presence of chlorine atoms in the pyrotechnic flame, so chlorine donors such as poly(vinyl chloride) or chlorinated mbber are often added to color-producing compositions, where they also serve as fuels. 

Several years ago Makino et al. 86) studied the influence of anions on the conformation of poly-[L-methionine-S-methylsulfonium] salts in solution. They found that especially perchlorate will induce a-helix formation whereas Cl- and Br do not. Since then several authors 87 92) have found a similar a-helix inducing effect in the case of poly-L-lysine (Lys) and other BPAA at low pH-values where the polymer molecules usually attain an extended conformation due to the electrostatic repulsion of the ammonium groups. Therefore, the a-helix inducing effect is obviously an... 

This change in editorial leadership has resulted, perhaps inevitably, in a change in editorial policy which is reflected in the contents of Volume 8. There has been a marked de-emphasis on the inclusion of organic parent compounds followed by an exhaustive and voluminous cataloging of azide, azido, azo, diazido, diazonium, diazo, nitro, dinitro, polynitro, hitr amine, nitrate (esters and salts), dinitrate, poly nitrate, nitroso, polynitroso, chlorate, perchlorate, peroxide, picrate, etc, derivatives — regardless of whether any of these derivatives exhibit documented explosive or energetic properties. Only those materials having such properties have been included in this volume... 

O.P. Korobeinichev et al, Structure of the Extinguished Surface of a Catalyzed Ammonium Perchlorate-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Mixture , FizzGoreniyaVzryva 10 (3), 345-53 (1974)... 

Equation (40) relates the lifetime of potential-dependent PMC transients to stationary PMC signals and thus interfacial rate constants [compare (18)]. In order to verify such a correlation and see whether the interfacial recombination rates can be controlled in the accumulation region via the applied electrode potentials, experiments with silicon/polymer junctions were performed.38 The selected polymer, poly(epichlorhydrine-co-ethylenoxide-co-allyl-glycylether, or technically (Hydrine-T), to which lithium perchlorate or potassium iodide were added as salt, should not chemically interact with silicon, but can provide a solid electrolyte contact able to polarize the silicon/electrode interface. 

Bis(4-formylphenyl) succinate 2201 and octamethylene N,N -bis(trimethylsilyl) carbamate 2202 condense with aUyltrimethylsilane 82 in the presence of 10 mol% trityl perchlorate or TMSOTf 20 to give, after 24 h at 0°C in CH2CI2, the poly-... 

Fig. 22. Dependence of the absorption spectrum of P/3DMP-C104 (poly-/i-dimethyl pyrrole) on the reducing potentials. The voltages written in the figure are the applied voltages between the working and counter electrodes. The numbers in parentheses are the molecular ratios of the perchlorate ion to a pyrrole ring. Each spectrum is obtained using a different free standing film which has almost the same thickness as the others. Reproduced from [377].

The compound was examined as a propellant explosive, it proved easily detonable and more sensitive than ammonium perchlorate. A formulation with hydroxyl terminated poly butadiene binder ignited spontaneously at room temperature [1]. Other workers have found it more tractable [2]. 

See Other POLY(DIMERCURYIMMONIUM) COMPOUNDS, PERCHLORATE SALTS OF NITROGENOUS BASES... 

Electrolytic oxidation of acetonitrile solutions of monomer mixtures of dithioenopyrrole 23 and dithienothiophene 15a using tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as an electrolyte can produce poly(dithienopyrrole-dithienothiophene) copolymer which shows good electrochromic <1994EAC2159> characteristics. Similarly, films of poly(dithienopyrrole-thionapthene indole) and poly(dithienopyrrole-thionapthene indole) co-polymers can be obtained from DTT and DTP with thionapthene indole 85 (TNI) <1996SM(82)11>. 

Figure 3.78 Dependence of conductivity on the parameter R, defined by Figure 3.77(b), for ( ) poly(3,4-cyc oalkylpyrrole) perchlorates (O) poly (3,4-cycloalky I pyrrole) hexafluorophosphates (A) pol y (3.4-cy cloa IkyIthiophene) tetrachloroferrates (A) poly(J.4-cycloalkylthiophene) hexafluorophosphates all data at 24°C. From Wegner and Riihe (1989).

Table 1. Common materials used in quenched-fluorescence oxygen sensing (Ru(dpp)3(C104)2 tris(diphenylphenantroline) ruthenium(II) perchlorate PtOEPK platinum(II)-octaethyl-porphine-ketone PtPFPP platinum(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphine PS.poly(styrene), PSu poly(sulfone) PSB poly(styrene-butadiene) block co-polymer PVC polyvinylchloride) APET amorphous poly(ethyleneterephthalate) PE poly(ethylene).

Cerium Ce(IV) co-precipitation with ferric hydroxide, dissolution in hydrochloric acid, then passed through a column of bis (2 ethyl hexyl) phosphate on poly(vinylchloride), eluted with 0.3 M perchloric acid Spectrofluorimetry at 350 nm (excitation 255 nm) [626]... 

Last but not least, a very intriguing terpenoid pyrrolidine alkaloid, poly-zonimine was milked from the millipede Polyzonium rosalbum (148). The structural formula of polyzonimine (118) is based on an X-ray crystallographic analysis of its perchlorate and by a total synthesis. 

A further advantage of our treatment of the styrene results is that we can obtain a first-ever estimate of the minimum value of kpE for the poly(styryl)triflate ester of ca. 750 TmoH-s"1 (from kpE = RE/m-[E], assuming that [E] = [HA]J, which is ca. 100 times as great as the kpu for poly(styryl)perchlorate ester. 

Detailed studies led Gandini and Plesch to formulate the concept of pseudocationic polymerisations. These are reactions which show many of the characteristics of cationic polymerisations, but do not involve ions. Since they could see no other alternative compatible with general chemical knowledge, they formulated the reactive species as an ester, and they were able to support this view by direct experiments (formation of the ester in the styrene solution by metathesis). The evidence indicates that in the system styrene, perchloric acid, methylene dichloride, the poly(styryl perchlorate) ester requires four molecules of styrene for its stabilisation. When these are no longer available, the ester ionises, and the residual styrene is consumed by a very fast, truly cationic polymerisation ionisation of the ester is a complicated reaction which has been only partly elucidated. The initiation and propagation of the pseudocationic polymerisation can be represented thus ... 

A first generation poly(amido amine) dendrimer has been functionalized with three calyx[4]arenes, each carrying a pyrene fluorophore (4) [30]. In acetonitrile solution the emission spectrum shows both the monomer and the excimer emission band, typical of the pyrene chromophore. Upon addition of Al3+ as perchlorate salt, a decrease in the excimer emission and a consequent revival of the monomer emission is observed. This can be interpreted as a change in the dendrimer structure and flexibility upon metal ion complexation that inhibits close proximity of pyrenyl units, thus decreasing the excimer formation probability. 1H NMR studies of dendrimer 4 revealed marked differences upon Al3+ addition only in the chemical shifts of the CH2 protons linked to the central amine group, demonstrating that the metal ion is coordinated by the dendrimer core. MALDI-TOF experiments gave evidence of a 1 1 complex. Similar results have been obtained for In3+, while other cations such as Ag+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ do not affect the luminescence properties of... 

Phenyl, phenylethynyliodonium perchlorate, 3635 Poly(2,4-hexadiyne-l,6-ylene carbonate), 2669 Potassium acetylene-1,2-dioxide, 4934 Potassium ethynediolate, 0990 Potassium hydrogen acetylenedicarboxylate, 1382 Propiolaldehyde, 1085... 

Ethoxy-l-iodo-3-butene, 2449 Hexamethylenetetramine tetraiodide, 2471 (Hydroxy)(oxo)(phenyl)-A3-iodanium perchlorate, 2299 Iodinated poly(sulfur nitride), 4622... 

Poly(dimercuryimmonium perchlorate), 4012 Pyridinium perchlorate, 1863 Tetraethylammonium perchlorate, 3088 Tetrafluoroammonium perchlorate, 3986 N. N. N. A-Tctramcthv 1 formam idinium perchlorate, 2026 Triaminoguanidinium perchlorate, 0515 Trimethylammonium perchlorate, 1322 Trimethylhydroxylammonium perchlorate, 1323 Tri(4-tolyl)ammonium perchlorate, 3824 Uronium perchlorate, 0491... 

Thomas, T. J. et al., Amer. Inst. Aero. Astron. J., 1976, 14, 1334-1335 Ignition temperatures were determined by DTA for the perchlorate salts of ethylamine, isopropylamine, 4-ethylpyridine, poly(ethyleneimine), poly(propyle-neimine), and poly(2- or 4-vinylpyridine). In contrast to the low ignition temperatures (175-200°C) of the polymeric salts, mixtures of the polymeric bases with ammonium perchlorate decompose only above 300°C. 

Several explosive salts including the acetylide, azide, borate, bromate, chlorate, chromate, iodate (and ammonium iodate double salt), nitrite, perchlorate (and ammonium perchlorate double salt), periodate, permanganate, picrate and trinitrobenzoate were prepared. The 3 latter salts and the acetylide, azide and bromate are impact-sensitive detonators [1], It appears probable that many of the explosively unstable compounds [2], formed in various ways from interaction of mercury or its compounds with ammonia or its salts, may have the common polymeric structure now recognised for Millon s base [3], This is a silica-like network of N+ and Hg in 4- and 2-coordination, respectively, with OH and water in the interstitial spaces. Individually indexed compounds are Poly(dimercuryimmonium acetylide)... 

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