Poly nanoparticles preparation

Solla-Gullon et al. [Ill] carried out FT-IRs experiments of adsorbed CO for PdPt nanoparticles prepared by reduction of H2PtCl6 and K2PdCl4 with hydrazine in a w/o microemulsion of water/poly(ethyleneglycol) dodecyl ether (BRIJ(R)30)/ -heptane. The experiments gave information on the relative amount of linear- and bridge-bonded CO, which is known to depend on the surface distribution of the two elements. 

Hajdu I, Bodnar M, Filipcsei G et al (2009) Nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly of chitosan and poly-y-glutamic acid. Colloid Polym Sci 286 343-350... 

Akagi T, Kaneko T, Kida T et al (2006) Multifunctional conjugation of proteins on/into coreshell type nanoparticles prepared by amphiphilic poly(y-glutamic acid). J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 17 875-892... 

Akagi T, Higashi M, Kaneko T et al (2005) In vitro enzymatic degradation of nanoparticles prepared from hydrophobically-modified poly (y-glutamic acid). Macromol Biosci 5 598-602... 

Verrecchia,T., Huve, P., Bazile, D., Veillard, M., Spenlehauer, G., and Couvreur, P. (1993), Adsorption/desorption of human serum albumin at the surface of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles prepared by a solvent evaporation process,/. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27(8), 1019-1028. 

Avgoustakis, K. (2004), Pegylated poly(lactide) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles Preparation, properties and possible applications in drug delivery, Curr. Drug Deliv., 1(4), 321-333. 

Nucleic acid delivery was also studies by Park et al. using CD-based nanoparticles prepared from P-CD-modified poly(ethylenimine) (CD-PEI).The inclusion-forming capability of P-CD was used in order to immobilize the nanoparticles on solid surfaces (adamantine-modified self-assembled monolayers). CD-PEI nanoparticles were proposed as delivery systems onto solid surfaces to attain specific and high affinity loading. The interaction is schematized in Figure 4 [44],... 

Zambaux, M. F. (1998), Influence of experimental parameters on the characteristics of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles prepared by a double emulsion method, J. Controlled Release, 50(1-3), 31-40. 

SANS in combination with contrast variation has been used to study the internal (core-shell) structure of nanoparticles prepared from amphiphilic PLA-poly(oxyethylene) glycol (PLA-PEG) block copolymer assemblies intended for use as nanoparticulate drug carriers. Three copolymers were synthesized with a constant PEG molecular weight of 5 kDa and a deuterated PLA chain of either 3, 15, or 45 kDa and nanoparticles... 

This method, also known as the nanoprecipitation method, can be applied to numerous synthetic poly-mers. ° In general, the polymer is dissolved in acetone and the polymer solution is added into water. The acetone is then evaporated to complete the formation of the particles. Surface active agents are usually added to water to ensure the stability of the polymer particles. This easy technique of nanoparticle preparation was scaled up for large batch production. It leads to the formation of nanospheres. Nanocapsules can easily be prepared by the same method just by adding a small amount of an organic oil in the polymer solution.When the polymer solution is poured into the water phase, the oil is dispersed as tiny droplets in the solvent-non-solvent mixture and the polymer precipitates on the oil droplet surface. This method leads to the preparation of oil-containing nanocapsules... 

Iron nanoparticles prepared by pyrolysis of poly(ferrocenylsilanes) inside periodic mesoporous sihca displayed the absence of room-temperature hysteresis in the magnetization curves which shows their superparamagnetic behavior [55]. However, magnetic properties cannot always be easily interpreted. For example, for this material data analysis of magnetization curves resulted in the ambiguous conclusion that either particle size distribution is bimodal, or iron particles have an oxide layer which behaves as small superparamagnetic nanoparticles. So magnetic measurements should be combined with other techniques (probably, in this case, EXAFS may be useful) to allow more accurate evaluation of particle structure. 

In 1997, Antonietti et al. reported on catalytically active palladium nanoparticles prepared by reduction of palladium(II) compounds in inverse block copolymer micelles, namely polystyrene-ib-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP). Activated aryl bromides were coupled reproducibly in Heck reactions [18]. Small partide sizes were a prerequisite for high conversions, as indicated by qualitative TEM investigations. Very high total turnovers were reported (0.0012 mol% palladium, 68% conversion in five days, corresponding to 56 000 TO) (Table 1). Catalyst activity was found to be dependent on the structure of the block copolymer employed, which was attributed to a better accessibility of the metal particles in smaller micelles with a high surfacer area and thinner polystyrene layer. 

Crespy D, Landfester K (2005) Anionic polymerization of E-caprolactam in miniemulsion synthesis and characterization of polyamide-6 nanoparticles. Macromolecules 38 6882-6887 Weiss CK, Ziener U, Landfester K (2007) A route to nonfunctionalized and functionalized poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles preparation in miniemulsion. Macromolecules 40 928-938... 

Yuan B, Wicks DA (2007) Thermotropic color changing nanoparticles prepared by encapsulating blue polystyrene particles with a poly-iV-isopropylacrylamide gel. J Appl Polym Sci 105 446-452... 

Weiss, C. K., U. Ziener, and K. Landfester, A route to nonfunctionalized and functionalized poly(w-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles Preparation in miniemulsion. Macromolecules 40(4)... 

Cheow, W., Hadinoto, K. Enhancing encapsulation efficiency of highly watersoluble antibiotic in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles modifications of standard nanoparticle preparation methods. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2010, 370 (1-3), 79-86. 

Another major factor affecting the particle uptake is the nature of the material used to prepare the particles. Uptake of nanoparticles prepared from hydrophobic polymers seems to be higher than that from particles with more hydrophilic surfaces. Microspheres composed of polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(D,L-lactide), poly(L-lactide), and poly(o,L-lactide-co-glycolide) were absorbed into the Peyer s patches of the small intestine, whereas those composed of ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate, and cellulose triacetate were not absorbed. Residual poly(vinyl alcohol) in the surface of PLGA nanoparticles significantly reduced the intercellular uptake, in spite of the smaller particle size." Similarly, poloxamer coating of... 

Both, aniline and anilium hydrochloride were polymerized in direct and in inverse miniemulsion, respectively [140]. The polymerization of anilium hydrochloride, which was initiated by hydrogen peroxide, yielded a highly crystaUine emeraldine polyaniline. In direct miniemulsions, additional stabilizers (e.g., poly(vinyl pyrroU-done) or PVA) were employed to preserve colloidal stability. The polymerization of aniline in direct miniemulsion has also been reported [141] in this case, following polymerization the polymer was first treated with stannous chloride and then doped with p-toluenesulfonic acid. A dramatic increase in conductivity after treatment with stannous chloride was considered due to pernigraniline moiety in the emeraldine base structure having been reduced. Such oxidative polymerization of aniline may be used to add an additional conductive shell to preformed latexes. For example, Li et al. polymerized aniline in the presence of dodecylbenzesulfonic acid on the surface of polyurethane and polyurethane/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles prepared in miniemulsion [142]. 

Renard E, Temat C, Langlois V, Guerin P (2(X)3b) Synthesis of graft bacterial polyesters for nanoparticles preparation. Macromol Biosci 3 248-252 Renard E, Walls M, Guerin P, Langlois V (2004) Hydrolytic degradation of blends of poly hydroxyalkanoates and functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoates. Polym Degrad Stab 85 779-787... 

Li JK, Wang N, Wu XS (1998) Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanoparticles prepared by freezing-thawing process for protein/peptide drug delivery. J Control Release 56 117-126... 

Zhi S-H, Xu J, Deng R, Wan L-S, Xu Z-K (2014) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membranes containing hybrid silica nanoparticles preparation, characterization and performance. Polymer 55 1333-1340... 

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