Poly enzyme immobilization

Sikora T, Marcilla R, Mecerreyes D, Rodriguez J, Pomposo JA, Ochoteco E (2009) Enzymatic synthesis of water-soluble conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) a simple enzyme immobilization strategy for recycling and reusing. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 47(l) 306-309... 

The oxazolidine-2,5-dione heterocycle, perhaps better known as the N-carboxyanhydride of an amino acid, has been incorporated employing a modification of chloromethylated poly(styrene) (192) (76USP3985715). The reaction sequence involved utilization of a masked amino acid, ethyl acetamidocyanoacetate (205). The amino acid was liberated in a subsequent hydrolysis/decarboxylation step (Scheme 98). The cyclized, IV-carboxyanhydride-functional resins (206) were reported to be useful in solid phase peptide synthesis and as supports for enzyme immobilization. 

FEP Teflon FEP membrane PMSP Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-l-propyne) membrane Nz Enzyme immobilized Nylon filter... 

D Urso, E.M. Jean-Francois, J. Doillon, C.J. Fortier, G. Poly(ethylene glycol)-serum albumin hydrogel as matrix for enzyme immobilization biomedical applications. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 1995, 23 (5), 587-595. 

Figure 9. Schematic fabrication of LbL films comprising poly(vinylsulfonic acid) (PVS)and PAMAM-Au. The sequential deposition of LbL multilayers was carried out by immersing the substrate alternately into (a) PVS and (b) PAMAM-Au solutions for 5 min per step (c) After deposition of 3 bilayers, an ITO-PVS/PAMAM-Au)3 CoHCF electrode was prepared by potential cycling (d) The enzyme immobilization to produce ITO-PVS/PAMAM-Au)3 CoHCF-GOx was carried out in a solution containing BSA, glutaraldehyde and GOx (Adapted from Ref.[124])...

Other than AUNPs, Quantum dots have also been employed in the development of pesticide sensors. Li et al. have synthesized Poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolione) (PVP)-capped CdS quantum dots (QCdS-PVP) from CdC and Na2S in the presence of PVP [37], AChE was immobilized onto this QCdS-PVP matrix incorporated GCE surface. The resulting GCE/ QCdS-PVP/AChE sensor was used for the detection of OP pesticides, such as trichlorfon. The enzyme immobilization procedure was described as follows. About 3 ml of QCdS-PVP was deposited on the surface of the GCE and dried in air. Then 3 ml of 0.5 mg ml"1 AChE along with 2.5% GA was deposited on the surface of the QCdS-PVP modified GCE and dried for 1 h at room temperature. TEM results show that, the QCdS-PVP particles were homogeneously distributed and they possess an average size of 2-4 nm (Fig. 9). 

Many other similar applications have been reported such as the electrochemical determination of electroinactive cationic medicines,313 determination of urea,314 uric acid,315 and application to glucose biosensors to decrease interference of ascorbate, urate, and acetaminophen.316 Enzyme immobilized membranes are also sensing membranes, e.g. urea responsive membranes, poly(carboxylic acid) membranes in which urease is immobilized,317 fructose responsive membranes, and polyion complex membranes in which fructose dehydrogenase is immobilized.318 Such applications will expand further in the future and contribute to human life. 

Engineered PHA beads were utilized in high-affinity bio-separation [112-114], enzyme immobilization [115], protein production [116], diagnostics [117], and as an antigen delivery system [118] which is currently being commercialized [98, 69]. Poly [(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates] (PHAs) biopolymers can be stored by bacteria, and are currently receiving much attention because of their potential as renewable and biodegradable plastics. The best known representatives are poly (hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymers with hydroxyvalerate, which have been commercialized under the trademark Biopol . 

FIGURE 12.7 Cyclic voltammograms recorded at carbon electrodes containing MvBOD enzyme immobilized in poly(L-lysine) layers, (a) Air saturated in quiescent solution, (b) O2 saturated conditions without stirring, (c) O2 saturated conditions with stirring at IdOOrpm. Dashed line represents the CV recorded imder Argon. (From [61], with permission from Elsevier.)... 

The LbL technique is undoubtedly one of the best methods to incorporate biological components into man-made devices. Therefore, sensor applications must be one of the most promising subjects for LbL assemblies of biomaterials. For example, Leblanc and coworkers used several bilayers of chitosan and poly(thiophene-3-acetic acid) as cushion layers for stable enzyme films [187]. The first five bilayers of the cushion layer allowed for better adsorption of organophosphorus hydrolase than the corresponding adsorption on a quartz slide. The immobilized enzyme becomes more stable and can be used under harsher conditions. The assembled LbL films can be used for spectroscopic detection of paraoxon, an organophosphorus compound. This cushion layer strategy provides a well-defined substrate-independent interface for enzyme immobilization, in which the bioactivity of the enzyme is not compromised. This leads to fast detection of paraoxon and quick recovery times. 

Rahman MM, X-b L, Kim J, Lim BO, Ahammad A, Lee J-J (2014) A cholesterol biosensor based on a bi-enzyme immobilized on conducting poly (thionine) film. Sensor Actuat B Chem 202 536... 

The characteristics of the polymer substrates determined the availability and activity of the immobilized enzyme. The immobilization of subtilisin A onto highly swelling poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PEMA) copolymer films was found advantageous since it permitted higher enzyme loadings and total activities as compared with enzyme immobilization onto the compact hydrophobic poly(octadecene-alt-maleic anhydride) (POMA) copolymer films [125]. 

In addition to poly(pyrrole) and poly(N-methylpyrrole), other conducting polymers have been used for enzyme immobilization, including poly(thio-phene), poly(indole), and poly(aniline). " Poly(thiophenes) and poly (indole) films have the possible disadvantage that the enzyme/polymer film must be grown from aprotic solvents, conditions that may denature the enzymes. The... 

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