Poly -based electrolytes

Gel polymer lithium-ion batteries replace the conventional liquid electrolytes with an advanced polymer electrolyte membrane. These cells can be packed in lightweight plastic packages as they do not have any free electrolytes and they can be fabricated in any desired shape and size. They are now increasingly becoming an alternative to liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries, and several battery manufacturers. such as Sanyo. Sony, and Panasonic have started commercial production.Song et al. have recently reviewed the present state of gel-type polymer electrolyte technology for lithium-ion batteries. They focused on four plasticized systems, which have received particular attention from a practical viewpoint, i.e.. poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN). ° poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). - and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) based electrolytes. ... 

Ellis AB, Kaiser SW, Wrighton MS (1977) Study of n-type semiconducting cadmium chalcogenide based photoelectrochemical cells employing poly chalcogenide electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 99 2839-2847... 

The electrolyte is usually 20-28% aqueous solution of KOH. Solid-state compositions of KOH aqueous electrolyte obtained by addition of poly(ethylene oxide) [345] or polymer based electrolyte (based on polyacrylates) were also proposed [346]. For low temperature applications, higher concentrations of KOH were used, while for higher temperatures, sodium hydroxide was sometimes applied. The influence of the temperature from 0 to 200 °C, pressure and electrolyte concentration on the thermodynamic parameters of the cells, was studied in detail [347]. 

High-molecular mass surfactants such as butyl acrylate-butyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer sodium salts, starburst dendrimers, poly(amidoamines), and diaminobutane-based poly(propyleneimine) as well as cationic polyelectrolytes (ionenes) had all been presented as successful secondary phases for aromatic compounds. The determination of 10 nitrophenols in glycine buffers modified by 3-CD (0-10 mmolL" ) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (0.5-2.5% w/v) is an example of application of polymer-based electrolytes to rain, tap, and process water. ... 

Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Electrolyte System... 

Kato Y., Ishihara X, Uchimoto Y., Wakihara M. Charge-Transfer Reaction Rate of LiVLi Couple in Poly(ethylene glycol) Dimethyl Ether Based Electrolytes, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 4794-4798. 

Because of a high barrier for the reaction leading to oligo(ethylene carbonate) formation, this reaction is expected to be slnggish with a low yield. It is consistent with the formation of a thin passivation layer on the cathode surface. Poly(ethylene carbonate) formation on cathode surfaces as a result of the oxidation-induced decomposition of an EC-based electrolyte was also recently suggested from experimental studies [46]. 

Morita et al. [43] prepared poly(ethylene oxide) grafted polyfmethyl methacrylate)-based electrolytes, abbreviated PEO-PMMA, by photopolymerization of the following monomers in the presence of a Li salt. 

Donoso J, Bonagamba T, Panepucci H, Oliveira L, Gorecki W, BeithierC, Armand M (1993) Nuclear magnetic relaxation study of poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium salt based electrolytes. J Chem Phys 98(12) 10026-10036... 

Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) - LiX complexes appear to be the most suitable electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries, however, the local relaxation and segmental motion of the polymer chains remain a problem area (Armand et al., 1997). Therefore, the PEO-based electrolytes show an appreciable ionic conductivity only above 100°C (Gorecki et al., 1986). This is, of course, a drawback for applications in the consumer electronic market. On the other hand, the gel polymer electrolytes although offer high ionic conductivity and appreciable lithiiun transport properties it suffers from poor mechanical strength and interfacial properties (Croce et al., 1998 Gray et al., 1986 Kelly et al., 1985 Weston et al., 1982). Recent studies reveal that the nanocomposite polymer electrolytes alone can offer safe and reliable lithium batteries (Appetecchi... 

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