Poly actuators

Ferroelectrics Poly(vynidilene fluoride) undergoes electrostriction when subjected to high ac fields, thus can be made into actuators applied pressure produces a piezoelectric response useful in sensors. 

Yadavalli V.K., Koh W.-G., Lazur G.L., Pishko M.V., Microfabricated protein-containing poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel arrays for biosensing, Sensors Actuators B 2004 97 290-297. 

R. Garjonyte and A. Malinauskas, Amperometric glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in poly(o-phenylenediamine) layer. Sens. Actuators, B B56, 85-92 (1999). 

Borisov SM, Flerrod DL, Klimant I (2009) Fluorescent poly(styrene-block-vinylpyrrolidone) nanobeads for optical sensing of pH. Sens Actuators B 139 52-58... 

After Little s proposal, many researchers have pursued such an exciting system in vain. Even metallic behavior was rarely seen in doped organic polymers, gels, and actuators. As mentioned in Sect. 3.4.4, MCso with linearly polymerized Ceo" exhibited one-dimensional (M = Rb, Cs) or three-dimensional (M = K) metallic behavior [144]. Recently a doped poly aniline was reported to exhibit a metallic temperature dependence for a crystalline polymer chemical oxidation of monomers grew crystallite polyaniline [329] early doping studies on polypyrrole (PFg) and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)X (X = PFg, BF4, and CF3SO3) prepared by electrooxidation at low temperatures also showed a metallic temperature dependence below 10-20 K (Scheme 16) [330, 331]. 

F. Mizutani, Y. Hirata, S. Yabuki and S. Iijima, Flow injection analysis of acetic acid in food samples by using trienzyme/poly(dimethylsiloxane)-bilayer membrane-based electrode as the detector, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 91(1-3) (2003) 195-198. 

A piezoelectric pump is constructed with two glass plates and a silicon wafer [22]. A pressure chamber and a raised flat surface suspended with a thin diaphragm are formed on the upper glass plate (Fig. 3). The piezoelectric actuator is placed on the raised flat surface. In order to guide the flow of the pumped liquid, two check valves made of poly-silicon are fabricated on the silicon wafer... 

E. S. Tillman and N. S. Lewis, Mechanism of enhanced sensitivity of linear poly(ethylenimine) - carbon black composite detectors to carboxylic acid vapors , Sensors And Actuators B - Chemical 96, 329 (2003). 

Luz, R. D. S., Damos, F. S., Tanaka, A. A. and Kubota, L. T. (2006), Dissolved oxygen sensor based on cobalt tetrasulphonated phthalocyanine immobilized in poly-L-lysine film onto glassy carbon electrode. Sensor Actuator B Chem., 114(2) 1019-1027. 

The aligned microphase-separated block copolymer poly-XXVII-h-BA (Sect. 2.3) shows reversible contraction in one dimension - in other words, it acts like an actuator. 

Injection valves designed for FIA are produced by a number of manufacturers. These valves are often microprocessor controlled (26) and are quite versatile. However, for all of the analyses described later, a simple low-pressure rotary injection valve designed for liquid chromatography is adequate (e.g., Rheodyne Model 50). Pneumatic and electric actuators are available for automated operation. An injection valve that can be machined quite easily from poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE, Teflon) and Plexiglas is described elsewhere (25, 27). 

Duffy DC, SchueUer OJA, Brittain ST, Whitesides GM. Rapid prototyping of microfluidic switches in poly(dimethyl siloxane) and their actuation by electroosmotic flow. J Micromech Microeng 1999 9 211-7. 

L. Jiang, H.-K. Jun, Y.-S. Hoh, J.-O. Lrm, Sensing characteristics of polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) methanol sensors prepared by in situ vapor state polymerization. Sens. Actuators, B, Chem 105, 132-137(2005). 

S. T. Dubas, C. lamsamai, P. Potiyaraj, Optical alcohol sensor based on dye-Chitosan poly electrolyte multilayers. Sens. Actuators, B, Chem 113, 370-375 (2006). 

It has been established that when polyelectrolytes are incorporated as dopants in PAn, the switch from conducting to nonconducting material is shifted to very-high-pH solutions, enabling electrochemistry to be carried out on PAn in neutral solutions.37 Poly(methoxyanilines) have been used as the basis of electromechanical actuating changes in dimensions in the thickness direction of more than 20% were reported as the polymers are doped and dedoped.38-39 Similar effects are observed if some level of self-doping is introduced into the PAn backbone.40... 

Tanese, M.C. et al., Poly(phenyleneethynylene) polymers bearing glncose substituents as promising active layers in enantioselective chemiresistors. Sens. Actuators B, 100, 17, 2004. 

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