Poly electrolyte multilayers

S. T. Dubas, C. lamsamai, P. Potiyaraj, Optical alcohol sensor based on dye-Chitosan poly electrolyte multilayers. Sens. Actuators, B, Chem 113, 370-375 (2006). 

Budd PM, Ricardo NMPS, Jafar JJ, Hughes R. Zeolite/poly-electrolyte multilayer pervaporation membranes for enhanced reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004 43(8) 1863-1867. 

Ultrathin functional films can be prepared with finely adjusted film thickness and properties by a layer-by-layer (LbL) method. Such multilayers are fabricated by the alternated adsorption of anionic and cationic poly electrolytes. These poly electrolyte multilayers are self-compensated in terms of the charge however, the introduction of redox ions such as Fe(CN)g orOs(bpy) + is also possible [126]. 

K. Koehler, D. G. Shchukin, H. Moehwald and G. B. Sukhorukov, Thermal Behavior of Poly electrolyte Multilayer Microcapsules. 1. The Effect of Odd and Even Layer Number, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(39), 18250-18259 (2005). 

Swelling and Water Uptake of PAH/PSS Poly electrolyte Multilayers... 

The Structural Analogue Poly electrolyte Multilayers and Their Conductivity... 

PS (640 nm) coated with poly electrolyte multilayer PMMA (400nm)... 

Fadhillah, F. Application of poly electrolyte multilayer reverse osmosis membrane in seawater desalination. Ph.D. thesis. King Fahd University of Petroleum Minerals (2012)... 

Introduction Poly electrolyte Multilayers and Layer-by-Layer Method... 

Tagliazucchi M, Calvo EJ (2010) Charge transport in redox poly electrolyte multilayer films the dramatic effects of outmost layer and solution ionic strength. ChemPhysChem 11 2957-2968... 

Gopinadhan M, Ivanova O, Ahrens H, Gunther JU, Steitz R, Helm CA (2007) The influence of secondary interactions during the formation of poly electrolyte multilayers Layer thickness, bound water and layer interpenetration. J Phys Chem B 111 8426-8434... 

Salomaki M, Vinokurov LA, Kankare J (2005) Effect of temperature on the buildup of poly electrolyte multilayers. Langmuir 21 11232—11240... 

Dimitrova M, Arntz Y, Lavalle P et al (2007) Adenoviral gene delivery from multilayered poly electrolyte architectures. Adv Funct Mater 17 233-245... 

Decher, G., Hong, J. D., Schmitt, J. (1992). Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process 3. Alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic poly electrolytes on charged surfaces. Thin Solid Films, 210(1-2), 831-835. 

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are very important materials due to having a wide range of application helds such as encapsulation of drugs and enzymes, membrane-based separations, antibacterial coatings, membrane reactors and fuel cells. Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) has a wide range of transport properties, simple deposition and small thickness, so it can be used in separation membranes. Polyelectrolyte concentration, duration and temperature of adsorption, deposition and solution pH are key parameters for specific separations. In addition the number of poly electrolyte layers can alter the properties of poly electrolyte. Poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) films are utilized in separation membranes. The adsorption of Cu(II) or Fe(III) ions can be carried out with PSS/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) membranes. 

It is worth mentioning that currently most of the works in the literature are devoted to the study of multilayers of synthetic poly electrolytes. Some iconic examples of these systems are multilayers of type (PDADMAC + PSS)n (PDADMAC poly(diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride), and (PSS poly(4-sty-rene sulfonate of sodium)) where the subindex n indicates the number of bilayers in the multilayer [80-82] or (PAH - - PSS) (PAH poly(aIlylamine hydrochloride)) [83]. However, there is a growing interest in the last years on the fabrication of biocompatible systems, e.g. biomacromolecules [84, 85]. Some examples are multilayers of type (CHI - - HEP)n (being CHI Chitosan and HEP Heparin) [86] (PLL + HA)n (PLL is poly(L-lysine) and HA is hyaluronic acid) or (PLL + PGA)n (PGA is poly(glutamic acid)) [87, 88]. 

The formation and growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers is the result of an intricate balance of interactions [103], among their components polyelectrolyte— poly-electrolyte, polyelectrolyte—solvent, polyelectrolyte—surface, etc. The different interactions involved are governed by the complex interplay between electrostatic and entropic contributions, as well as solvent quality. 

Song J, Janczewski D, Ma Y, Hempenius M, Xu J, Vancso GJ (2013) Disasscanbly of redox responsive poly(ferrocenylsilane) multilayers the effect of blocking laytas, supporting electrolyte and polyion molar mass. J Colloid Interface Sci 405 256—261... 

Johnston APR, Read ES, Caruso F (2005) DNA multilayer films on planar and colloidal supports sequential assembly of like-charged poly electrolytes. Nano Lett 5 953-956... 

The typical shifts in A/ and AD for the LbL deposition of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PSS/PDEM) are shown in Fig. 4.1, where pH is fixed at 4, ionic strength is fixed at 0.2 M, and T is of 20 °C. A measurement of LbL deposition is initiated by switching the liquid exposed to the resonator from water to a poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) solution with a polymer concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. PEI is allowed to adsorb onto the resonator surface for 20 min before the surface is rinsed with water to ensure a uniform coating with positive charges, so that the effects of substrate on the growth of multilayer are minimized [21]. After water is replaced with phosphate buffer, 0.1 mg/mL PSS and PDEM are alternately introduced for 20 min with buffer rinsing in between in case the poly electrolytes form complexes in the solution. The decrease in Af and the increase in AD clearly indicate that the polyelectrolyte chains gradually deposit onto the resonator surface driven by the electrostatic interaction. 

Chen FG, Liu GM, Zhang GZ (2012) Formation of multilayers by star poly electrolytes effect of number of arms on chain interpenetration. J Phys Chem B 116 10941-10950... 

Li, X., W. Goyens, P. Ahmadiannamini, W. Vanderhnden, S. De Feyter, and I. Vankelecom. 2010. Morphology and performance of solvent-resistant nanofiltration membranes based on multilayered poly electrolytes Study of preparation conditions. J. Memb. Sci. 358 150-157. 

L. Ouyang, R. Malaisamy, M.L. Bruening, Multilayer poly electrolyte films as nanofiltration membranes for separating monovalent and divalent cations. Journal of Membrane... 

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