Policy problems

Klemmer et al. make the following conclusion Almost all studies reach the conclusion that enviromnent innovations are the result of a more complex than one-dimensional sample of effects, which is formed by both intrinsic motivations and also by state incentives, characterised by numerous feedbacks and is largely dependent on the overall social environment partly dictated by the design of the study, it is demonstrated using the example of selected sectors and/or groups of actors for the one part, and different environment policy problems for the other part, that there is no instrament to be favoured a priori or to be rejected generally and that only the interaction of individual motivations, political action and social enviromnent leads to environmental iimovations (multi-impulse hypothesis) (Klemmer ). 

Since the 1970s American industry has faced a series of special challenges oil shocks, a dramatic falloff in industrial growth, recession, trade difficulties, and serious economic policy problems that have yet to be resolved. In light of these factors, Du Pont s management established a set of broad goals. 

These policy problems will not be resolved through more scientific investigation. "Better" science can only reduce statistical variance. Once that is accomplished, disagreements about value choices still remain. The next two chapters discuss how those disagreements might be resolved, first for private exposures and then for public ones. 

Despite the strengthening of environmental policies, problems in relation to cadmium and cyanide, dioxin, organic pollution, lake eutrophication, residential sewage, pesticide runoff, industrial discharges, and groundwater contamination by toxics and nitrates also need to be tackled. 

One participant, a representative from the energy industry, noted that there is a tremendous amount of worry and a sense of there being problems in the world related to oil in the Middle East and personal security. [The potential for hydrogen to help] reduce tensions and ameliorate foreign policy problems could benefit people s sense of well being. ... 

More than thirty-five years ago, in recognition of the refractory complexity of ambitious social policy, Charles Lindblom coined the memorable expression "the science of muddling through. The phrase was meant to capture the spirit of a practical approach to large-scale policy problems that could not be completely understood, let alone comprehensively addressed. Models of public administration, Lind-... 

The emission of various air pollutants into indoor environments brings about severe indoor air pollution. There is a strong desire to regulate and reduce the levels of these pollutants. To address the challenges, we note some policy problems and make the following concluding recommendations. 

Of course, there are many policy problems about technology, in which there is no need to get inside the black box. Indeed, for many such problems, spending too much time considering those details is a distraction, or may even lead the analyst astray. However, there is a subset of policy problems in which the technical details really matter - where a failure to consider and address the substance of those details can lead to dumb or silly results. Table 19.1 provides an illustration of problems of both kinds. 

Table 19.1 Examples of two problems involving direct sateUite communication, one that is about technology (i.e., the technical details are not critical to a solution of the policy problem) and one in which it is essential to get inside the black box (i.e., a reasonable technical solution requires a deep familiarity with and consideration of the technical details)...

Large number of faculty candidates educated in the more qualitative social sciences, or in social studies of technology, who have limited interest in or ability to address policy problems with deep technical content ... 

The number of problems that fit the definition policy problems in which the technical details are of critical importance is enormous. As a consequence, successful programs have chosen to focus their efforts on a sub-set of this space. Rather than adding faculty in several completely unrelated problem areas, they have chosen a strategy of recruiting faculty with overlapping interests, thus building several focal areas. 

According to the Act of Establishment, it is the Council s task to supply, in behalf of government policy, scientifically soimd information on developments which may affect society in the long term, and to draw timely attention to likely anomalies and obstacles, to define major policy problems and to indicate policy alternatives. 

Abu-Laban, Y., and Garber, J. (2005) The Construction of the Geography of Immigration as a Policy Problem The United States and Canada Compared. Urban Affairs Review 40(4) 520-61. 

Bacchi, C. (2001) Women, Policy and Politics The Construction of Policy Problems. London Sage. 

Formal staff papers were used to place policy problems and recommended solutions before the commissioners. To handle the paperwork... 

The following example of batch distillation optimal control (optimal reflux policy problem illustrates this. 

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