Poisoning antagonism

Fenvalerate toxicity is antagonized by atropine sulfate or methocarbamol, which may be effective in treating severe cases of poisoning (Hiromori et al. 1986). Conversely, some compounds exacerbate the toxicity of fenvalerate and interfere with a desired use. Domestic cats (Felis domes-ticus) treated with Fendeet (an aerosol mixture of fenvalerate and A-A-diethyl-m-toluamide) to control fleas and ticks sometimes show signs of toxicosis, such as tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, vomiting, depression, and seizures. Signs usually appeared within hours of topical application, and females and juveniles seem to be the most sensitive groups. The demonstrated ability of N-N-diethyl-m-toluamide to enhance the dermal absorption of fenvalerate is the probable cause of toxicosis (Dorman et al. 1990). 

Hopf2 concludes that although insect nerve tissues produce substances that simulate acetylcholine and a cholinesterase which is inhibited by organo-phosphorus insecticides, these substances (in locusts at any rate) are not antagonized by atropine. Furthermore, tubocurarine does not poison insects, although it is active in warm-blooded animals and affects the neuromuscular junctions (see pp. 36, 37). In short, different physiological mechanisms appear to be at work in insects. In particular, it seems that acetylcholine, when injected into a variety of insects, has no marked toxic action. It seems then that, in some... 

Kulak JM, Nguyen TA, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (1997) Alpha-conotoxin Mil blocks nicotine-stimulated dopamine release in rat striatal synaptosomes. J Neurosci 17 5263-5270 Kuryatov A, Gerzanich V, Nelson M, Olale F, Lindstrom J (1997) Mutation causing autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy alters Ca + permeabihty, conductance, and gating of human a4 32 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, J Neurosci 17 9035-9047 Kuryatov A, Olale FA, Choi C, Lindstrom J (2000) Acetylchohne receptor extracellular domain determines sensitivity to nicotine-induced inactivation, Eur J Pharmacol 393 11-21 Langley JN (1880) On the antagonism of poisons. J Physiol 3 11-21... 

III.d.5. Antidote Antagonism or Chemical Inactivation of an Absorbed Poison... 

Belladonna was one of the most valuable agents in the materia medica, ranking high in its efficacy and its wide range of usefulness. It was employed to relieve pain, relax spasm, stimulate the circulation, decrease secretion, and check local inflammation. Atropine was used for the same purposes, as well as to antagonize the effects of certain poisons, to dilate the pupils, and to paralyze... 

The phenomena of systemic cocaine poisoning are largely those of sympathetic stimulation but not as consistently as with epinephrine. The sympathetic stimulation is mainly central (midbrain) but partly peripheral. The chief manifestations of sympathetic stimulation are (1) sensitization to epinephrine (but antagonization to ephedrine) by peripheral action, (2) mydriasis and slight exophthalmos by central and peripheral action, and (3) cardiac acceleration (chiefly central). Other sympathetic symptoms are constriction of the blood vessels, erection of hair, and relaxation of the intestines. High concentrations of cocaine paralyze all smooth muscles. Procaine also produces... 

Nalorphine (11 N-allylnormorphine Fig. 11.4) [31] was found to antagonize the properties of morphine, and was utilized as an antidote for morphine poisoning,... 

Carbon monoxide poisoning is treated with O2 that displaces the CO from hemoglobin receptors. Antidotes function by antagonizing the toxicity of a poison. 

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