Platforms ladders and

The absorption column and its associated structures (platforms, ladders and railings) are expected to cost in the region of AS870 000. The final design comparesfavourably with similar units already found in industry. 

Pressure storage tanks should be coirelated using /lb vs. w eight, much the same as other pressure vessels. Materials of construction, of course, would be another variable. Special internals, insulation, and internal heat exchangers should again be separated from the base cost of the tank. The w eight of supports, ladders, and platforms should be estimated and added to the weight of the... 

Depending on the accessibility afforded by adjacent equipment, aged ladders and access platforms are often quoted as options by vendors. Square body configuration systems (plan view) have square body and plenum sections. Safety handrails surrounding the plenum are standard. Structural supports are usually optional, the height of which depends on system location. Figures 3 and 4 provide sketches of the two basic configurations. 

Ladder and platform should be provided if operators are required to climb up to the top of the vessel regularly. An example is shown in Fig uic 12-13. 

Wliat standards are being followed in the design of stairways, platforms, ramps, and fixed ladders ... 

FIG. 10-193 Cost ( 30 percent) of field-erected, domed, flat-bottom API 650 tanks, October 2005, includes concrete foundation and typical nozzles, ladders, and platforms. 1 gal = 0.003785 m. ... 

Relief valve and some controls may be difficult to service without special ladders and platforms... 

A complex PMMA-based fluidic device was built by Soper s research group [68], which coupled capillary nanoreactors to microseparation platforms (electrophoresis chips) for the generation of sequencing ladders and PCR products. The nanoreactors consisted of fused silica capillary tubes with a few tens of nanoliters of reaction volume, which can be interfaced wiht the chips via connectors micromachined in PMMA, using deep X-ray etching. A DNA tem-... 

The purchased cost for plate and packed towers can be divided into the following components (1) cost for shell, including heads, skirts, manholes, and nozzles (2) cost for internals, including trays and accessories, packing, supports, and distributor plates and (3) cost for auxiliaries, such as platforms, ladders, handrails, and insulation. 

Structural Steel - Use procedure in Section 19.3 to develop take-offs and cost. Break down by structures and pipe racks and don t forget to identify and estimate miscellaneous service ladders and platforms related to specific equipment items. 

Historical data on similar vessels and fractionation towers can best be used by correlating the costs of this equipment vs. weight. Many methods can be found in the literature for estimating the weight and costs of vessels and fractionators (References 8, 9, 10, and 11). Make sure the estimated weight is complete including skirt, ladders and platforms, special internals, nozzles, and manholes. 

Several other important recommendations API 521 makes include restricted access area to personnel, use of radiation shielding, and location of ladders and platforms fhese recommendations are summarized with an illustration in Figure 30.11. The API 521 states that "personnel are commonly protected from high thermal radiation intensity by restricting access to any area where the thermal radiation can exceed 2000 Btu/ hr-fti." Some plants locate fences and warning signs around areas where flare radiation levels can exceed 2000 Btu/hr-fti. 

The API 521 also recommends locating ladders and platforms on towers and elevated structures on a side away from the flare. Designing in this manner provides personnel a shield from the radiant heat allowing them more time to evacuate the area. 

The design of towers or other elevated structures exposed to flare radiation should consider radiation effects. .. it is often most effective to accomplish (an escape) by locating ladders and platforms on a side away from the flare. ... 

Many vertical towers, especially the taller ones, are free of attachments such as ladders and are smooth cylinders. For these towers, the shape factor, Fs, may be taken as 0.6. If the tower has ladders, staircases, platforms and other attachments, the shape factor may be higher a value of 0.85 is sometimes used for such designs. The limit is reached with the shape factor of 1.0 for a flat surface such as a flat or square structure at 90° to the wind. For a tall vertical tower with a shape factor close to 0.6 and a barometric pressure of 30 in. of mercury, equation 4-8 reduces to... 

Ladders and Cages Rung-type ladders with cages built of structural shapes to prevent a man from falling when climbing the ladder. Bolted to and supported by clips on the outside of the vessel. Used for vertical access to the platforms. 

Provision has been made to ensure adequate access and workspace for personnel and equipment. Where hands-on access is permitted, clearance is provided for the head and shoulders of a man within arm s length of the area to be inspected or surveyed. Access routes to locations requiring ISI or surveillance are provided. These routes permit storage of ladders and temporary platforms as required. Insulation and penetration plugs are designed for easy removal and installation. Temporary working platforms will be provided where necessary to facilitate access to areas for inspection and surveillance. 

Are all other ladders and access platforms in good condition and properly positioned ... 

Corrosion protection. To ehminate the safety concerns associated with painting in confined spaces. Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant Steel (AT) was used for all components of the box sections. This allowed painting to be completed from the exterior only. Interior ladders and work platforms were painted prior to installation within the box section. 

Iron workers accessed the connection points by means of access hatches, interior ladders and platforms. 

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