Plasticizers and rubber

M. Tahan, Weathering of Plastics and Rubber, International Symposium of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Eondon, June 1976, Chamelon Press, Ltd., London, 1976, p. A2.1. 

J. H. Briston and L. L. Katan, Plastics Films, 2nd ed., Longman Scientific Technical in association with The Plastics and Rubber Institute, Essex, UK,... 

W. Michaeh, Extrusion Dies for Plastics and Rubbers, Hanser Pubhshers, Munich, Germany, 1992. 

J. A. Brydson, Flow Properties of Polymer Melts, 2nd ed., Godwin/Plastics and Rubber Institute, 1981. 

H. Breuer, J. Stabenow, and F. Haaf, Toughening ofP/asties, Plastics and Rubber Institute, London, 1978, Paper No. 13. 

Banbury Mixer Preeminent in the field of high-intensity mixers, with power input up to 6000 kW/m (30 hp/gal), is the Banbury mixer, made by the Farrel Co. (Fig. 18-43). It is used mainly in the plastics and rubber industries. The top of the charge is confined by an air-operated ram cover mounted so that it can be forced down on the charge. The clearance between the rotors and the walls is extremely small, and it is... 

Talc-s of extreme fineness and high surface area are rapidly attaining industrial importance and are used for various purposes in the paint, paper, plastics, and rubber industries. 

For very many years it has been common practice to improve the electrical conductivity of plastics and rubbers by the incorporation of certain additives like special grades of carbon black. Such materials were important, for example, in hospital operating theatres where it was essential that static charges did not build up, leading to explosions involving anaesthetics. 

Figure 9.2. Heal deflection temperatures under a load of 1.82 MPa for selected polymers. Note that incorporation of glass fibre has a much greater effect with crystalline polymers than with amorphous ones (after Whelan and Craft courtesy of British Plastics and Rubber)...

Figure II.9. Equipment setting for TQ film extrusion. (After Gray reproduced with permission of The Plastics and Rubber Institute)...

The high thermal stability of the carbon-fluorine bond has led to considerable interest in fluorine-containing polymers as heat-resistant plastics and rubbers. The first patents, taken out by IG Farben in 1934, related to polychlorotri-fluoroethylene (PCTFE) (Figure 13.1 (a)), these materials being subsequently manufactured in Germany and the United States. PCTFE has been of limited application and it was the discovery of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Figure... 

Because of their wide compatibility and solubility, coumarone resins are used considerably in the paint and varnish industry. The resins also find application as softeners for plastics and rubbers such as PVC, bitumens and natural rubber. 

Oil resistance demands polar (non-hydrocarbon) polymers, particularly in the hard phase. If the soft phase is non-polar but the haid phase polar, then swelling but not dissolution will occur (rather akin to that occurring with vulcanised natural rubber or SBR). If, however, the hard phase is not resistant to a particular solvent or oil, then the useful physical properties of a thermoplastic elastomer will be lost. As with all plastics and rubbers, the chemical resistant will depend on the chemical groups present, as discussed in Section 5.4. 

Once again I should acknowledge that I have drawn heavily from the journals European Plastics News, Kunstojfe, Modern Plastics International and Plastics and Rubber Weekly for data on production and consumption statistics. 

Preface to the Seventh Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgements for the Seventh Edition Abbreviations for Plastics and Rubbers... 

A wide range of substrates can be bonded. The inherent tackiness of natural rubber enables it to coat most non-polar substrates (mainly plastics and rubbers). 

Crawford, R.J. Plastics and Rubber—Engineering Design and Application, MEP, London (1985) Powell, P.C. Engineering with Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London (1984)... 

Marshall, G.P. Design for toughness in polymers - Fracture Mechanics, Plastics and Rubber Proc. and Appl. 2(1982) p 169-182. 

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a type of synthetic polymer that has properties between the characteristics of plastics and rubber. It belongs to the thermoplastic elastomer group. The typical procedure of vulcanization in rubber processing generally is not needed for TPU instead, the processing procedure for normal plastics is used. With a similar hardness to other elastomers, TPU has better elasticity, resistance to oil, and resistance to impact at low temperatures. TPU is a rapidly developing polymeric material. 

E. R. Yescumbe, Plastics and Rubber, Applied Science Publishers, Essex (1976). 

Elastomer-plastic blends without vulcanization were prepared either in a two roll mill or Banbury mixer. Depending on the nature of plastic and rubber the mixing temperature was changed. Usually the plastic was fed into the two roll mill or an internal mixer after preheating the mixer to a temperature above the melting temperature of the plastic phase. The plastic phase was then added and the required melt viscosity was attained by applying a mechanical shear. The rubber phase was then added and the mixture was then melt mixed for an additional 1 to 3 min when other rubber additives, such as filler, activator, and lubricants or softeners, were added. Mixing was then carried out with controlled shear rate... 

TPEs from blends of rubber and plastics constitute an important category of TPEs. These can be prepared either by the melt mixing of plastics and rubbers in an internal mixer or by solvent casting from a suitable solvent. The commonly used plastics and rubbers include polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), nylon, ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), natural rubber (NR), butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, etc. TPEs from blends of rubbers and plastics have certain typical advantages over the other TPEs. In this case, the required properties can easily be achieved by the proper selection of rubbers and plastics and by the proper change in their ratios. The overall performance of the resultant TPEs can be improved by changing the phase structure and crystallinity of plastics and also by the proper incorporation of suitable fillers, crosslinkers, and interfacial agents. 

Rolf, W. J., Scott, J. R. and Pacitti, J., Fibres, Films, Plastics and Rubbers, Butterworths, London (1971)... 

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