Plants, ‘readiness

Fixed capital is the total cost of the plant ready for start-up. It is the cost paid to the contractors. 

The capital for designing and building the plant ready for start-up represent the fixed-capital, and includes direct costs and indirect costs. Table 15.4 presents the details. 

Hand back signed by acceptor certifying work completed. Signed by Issuer certifying work completed and plant ready for testing and re-commissloning. 12 Hand back... 

In the design of a fine chemicals plant equally important to the choice and positioning of the equipment is the selection of its size, especially the volume of the reaction vessels. Volumes of reactors vary quite widely, namely between 1,000 and 10,000 L, or ia rare cases 16,000 L. The cost of a production train ready for operation iacreases as a function of the 0.7 power. The personnel requirement iacreases at an even lower rate. Thus a large plant usiag large equipment would be expected to be more economical to mn than a small one. 

Food processing firms producing heat-preserved, frozen, dehydrated, or chemically preserved foods may be classified by their finished products. Companies may be further grouped based on whether they process raw materials into ingredients, such as in poultry and meat processing plants, or whether they take these ingredients and convert them to ready-to-eat consumer products. 

Electric utihties are therefore expected to build new power plants or to extend the Hves of existing, older ones. Ready availabiUty, secure supply, and low price are expected to make coal the fuel of choice for most of the new baseload generating capacity. 

Once the plant is ready, the cotton is mechanically harvested with either a spindle picker or cotton stripper. The spindle picker selectively harvests seed cotton from open boUs. The unopened boUs are left on the plant and can be picked at a later date. The spindle picker uses a rotating tapered barbed spindle to remove the cotton from the bur (seed case). The seed cotton is wrapped around the spindle, pulled from the bur, removed from the spindle with a mbber doffer, and then transferred to a basket. 

Steam-Generating Facilities These form the second largest investment item for chemical-plant auxiliaiy equipment. Variations in capacity, location indoors or outdoors, the type of fuel used, pressure and temperature levels, and the type of process served have an important effect on actual cost as well as on cost relative to other auxiliaiy items. Package boiler instaUations can be purchased as shop-built units which are assembled, piped, and wired ready to be erected on the owner s foundations. They are available in units up to about 136,000 kg/h (300,000 Ib/h), although units larger than about 45,360... 

There is a greater need to provide ready access to equipment in batch plants because these require more manual operations. If the access is difficult, it may lead to operator injury and/or inability of operator to carry out responsibilities. 

The gas turbine is a complex system. A typical control system with hierarchic levels of automation is shown in Figure 19-3. The control system at the plant level consists of a D-CS system, which in many new installations is connected to a condition monitoring system and an optimization system. The D-CS system is what is considered to be a plant level system and is connected to the three machine level systems. It can, in some cases, also be connected to functional level systems such as lubrication systems and fuel handling systems. In those cases, it would give a signal of readiness from those systems to the machine level systems. The condition monitoring system... 

The fuel. skid. This could contain a gas compressor if the fuel gas pressure is low and a knockout drum for any liquid contamination that the gas may have. The requirement of fuel gas pressure is that it should be operated at a minimum of 50-70 psi (3.5-4.83 Bar) above the compressor discharge pressure. The compressor and its motor drive fall under the drive level hierarchy. In the case of liquid fuels, the skid may also contain a fuel treatment plant, which would have centrifuges, electrostatic precipitators, fuel additive pumps, and other equipment. These could be directly controlled by the D-CS system, which would then report its readiness to the gas turbine controller. 

One thing that will become quickly evident, as aptly stated by Matthews [10] is production plants are not test stands. As one pursues the task of getting an existing compressor ready for a field test, it becomes quite clear as to how true the statement is. 

The production of aluminum begins with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (usually of the surface type), bauxite ore is removed to a crusher. The crushed ore is then screened and stockpiled, ready for delivery to an alumina plant. In some cases, ore is upgraded by beneficiation (washing, size classification, and separation of liquids and solids) to remove unwanted materials such as clay and silica. 

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