Plant growth economic factors

Furthermore, the modernization of agricultural techniques and the growth of plantation areas result in better economical factors for the production of essential oil-bearing plants, creating workplaces in developing countries of Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America as well as further development of modern farms in the United States and Europe (Mediterranean area, Balkans). Despite some regulatory restrictions (EU, REACH, FDA, etc.), essential oils are and will have an... 

Economic Market. The spice trade is controlled by many direct elements and responds slowly to supply and demand fluctuations. Resupply depends on growth to plant maturity, which for certain items, such as black pepper or nutmeg, can be several years. The raw material is directly affected by climate, adverse weather conditions, and control of plant diseases and insect and animal pests. Limited agricultural scientific advances are appHed to the cultivation of the botanicals, and there are many grades of product and degrees of quahty caused by different growing or processing conditions, sometimes by unknown factors as well. 

Estimates for a number of economic aspects of plasma fractionation can be made (200—206). The world capacity for plasma fractionation exceeded 20,000 t of plasma in 1990 and has increased by about 75% since 1980, with strong growth in the not-for-profit sector (Fig. 4). The quantity of plasma processed in 1993 was about 17,000 t/yr the commercial sector accounts for about 70% of this, with over 8000 t/yr in the form of source plasma from paid donors (Fig. 5). Plant capacities and throughput are usually quoted in terms of principal products, such as albumin and Factor VIII. These figures may not encompass manufacture of other products. 

Although plant cell culture is not as cost effective as plant cultivation in the open field, it will become an economical process if higher protein yields can be achieved [58]. The cultivation medium of plants is chemically defined, consisting of a carbon source, minerals, vitamins and phytohormones [69]. Furthermore, it is protein-free and relatively inexpensive. In contrast, animal cells often require complex supplements such as fetal calf serum and/or expensive growth factors, although serum-free cultivation is possible in case of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [70]. 

In the context of chemical production, a process innovation may be defined as an addition to knowledge which allows some quantity of output to be produced by an input combination that could not previously be used to produce that output. For an innovation to be economically interesting, the innovation should result in a lower cost of production than other techniques at some combination of input prices. Whether the Innovation is actually used in production will depend on a host of factors, including the patterns of input prices which producers face and the desirability of adding to capacity at the time that input prices favor the innovative technology. This last point assumes —often realistically, for chemical processes—that innovations frequently require changes in plant and equipment that would be undertaken only if justified by expected demand growth. 

Tisible symptoms of acute injury have been the principal means of identifying the effect of air pollutants on plants for well over a century. They have served as major factors in assessing the impact of man s activities on the total environment and have served as the basis for numerous estimates of economic damage to agricultural crops. Such estimates are admittedly crude because the total effect of air pollutants on growth and development is not indicated by symptoms of acute injury. Nevertheless, such evaluations are essential since adequate controls historically develop only after economic pollutant damage is well documented. 

That said, there are others factors apart from product maturity that determine whether capacity increments are large compared with demand growth. In most chemical product sectors, minimum economic plant size increases quite rapidly over time as a result of technological innovation, and can lead to very lumpy supply-side additions. On the other hand, when industries become extremely... 

Up to this century many natural flavor materials were obtained from animals and higher plants. Supplies of many of these materials have dwindled due to social, economic, and political factors, conservation, wildlife protection and industrial growth. 

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