Plant extracts review

Studies on the use of hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and reflux synthesis methods for the development and application of nanomaterials have been reviewed. An important aspect of the green synthesis of metallic nanopartides involves techniques that make use of biological materials such as plant extracts and microorganisms. The design of nanomaterials and control of their desired properties have been reviewed. The unique properties of manufactured nanomaterials offer many potential benefits. 

The classic cholinesterase inhibitor is the alkaloid physostigmine (6)/ eserine (7). It was first isolated from the calabar bean, the seeds of Physostigma venenosum. Many novel natural products with AchE-inhibifing properties have shown promise as therapeutics for AD. Some examples of such products (pure compounds/plant extracts or formulations) are briefly reviewed here. 

Plant Extracts-therapeutic use. 8. Review Literature as Topic. QV 223 P541 2009] QP801.P4P46 2009... 

The vast literature associated with flavanoid chemistry precludes a discussion here but two valuable reviews have been published. The first reviews a number of spectroscopic techniques used for flavonoid analysis, with a strong emphasis on NMR spectroscopy (plus also mass spectrometry, vibrational spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and circular dichrosim (CD)) . The second review deals with NMR methods that have been successful in the characterization of phenolic acids and flavonoids from plant extracts that have not been separated or isolated as single components. The emphasis of the article is 2-D NMR methodology and a variety of experiments such as total correlated spectroscopy (TOCSY), COSY, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) and heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) are discussed . 

GC-MS with or without SIM is the most reliable identification tool of BRs.739 Prior to GC-MS analysis, vicinal hydroxyls in BRs are derivatized to methaneboronates, while isolated hydroxyl groups are converted to trimethylsilyl ethers (Figure 31). Fragment ions derived from the side chains have been used as diagnostic ions for mass spectrometric detection of BRs (Figure 31). Mass spectrometric data on methaneboronate derivatives of BRs have been reviewed.754 For quantitation of the endogenous levels of BRs, deuterated BRs have been frequently used as internal standards by adding to plant extracts.739... 

Since then, starch synthase activity has been reported to be present in many plant extracts (for reviews, see Preiss and Levi, 1980 Preiss and Sivak, 1996). 

Although there is no shortage of reviews on the relevance of plants as a source of drugs,100 drug leads and pharmaceutical intermediates, the area of plant extracts as mainstream drugs is much less well covered. Therefore, the discussion below focuses mainly on this issue. 

A review of the literature concerning the evaluation of plant extracts of the Anthemideae tribe reveals that many studies into their bacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities have been carried out in recent years. These reports concern mainly the genus Baccharis and Helichrysum. 

In this paper, we will review our previous research on a radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for the detection and quantitation of picloram using polyclonal antisera (15). Furthermore, we will also discuss our research on indirect EIA procedures using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-picloram antibodies which were compared in terms of the characteristics of the standard curves and performance based on the determination of picloram in fortified water, soil extracts, plant extracts, and human urine samples (16). 

Plant extracts have been used for their effects on the brain and the CNS since time immemorial as evidenced by the use of opium for at least 4000 years,by the long-standing practice of South American Indians to chew coca leaves,and by the widespread use of Indian hemp Cannabis sativa) This section of the review will not discuss these older and well-established agents and will instead focus on four newer classes of compounds with genuine potential for beneficial effects on such important diseases as AD. 

Recently, there has been an increased interest in antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants which have been used in folk medicine. A review of the literature concerning the evaluation of plant extracts of the Baccharis genus and secondary metabolites isolated from them, has revealed that many studies into their antibacterial and antifungal activities have been carried out in recent years. For example, extracts of 46 plants from 15 families, most of them used in folk medicine, have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus,... 

Tire strength of this study is that it combines both fieldworks and results from scientific investigations of listed plants which include biological activities of extracts and active compounds. Traditional uses of plants and extracts activities are presented, and active products obtained from some of these plants are reviewed. 

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