Physostigma venenosum

The seeds of Physostigma venenosum, Balf., have long been used in West Africa as an ordeal poison. From them Jobst and Hesse, isolated... 

The classic cholinesterase inhibitor is the alkaloid physostigmine (6)/ eserine (7). It was first isolated from the calabar bean, the seeds of Physostigma venenosum. Many novel natural products with AchE-inhibifing properties have shown promise as therapeutics for AD. Some examples of such products (pure compounds/plant extracts or formulations) are briefly reviewed here. 

Physostigmine (14) Physostigma venenosum Balfour (Calabar bean) Cholinergic (parasympathomimetic)... 

The classic cholinesterase inhibitor is the alkaloid physostigmine (33), also called eserine. Investigations carried out in the nineteenth century on the ordeal poison esere, which consisted of an extract of the Calabar Bean, the seeds of Physostigma venenosum Balf, resulted in the isolation of (33)... 

Figure 4. Structure of Physostigmine, an Insecticidal Alkaloid Isolated from Physostigma venenosum as a Model Compound for the Synthetic Carbamate Insecticides...

Eserine (physostigmine) has a pyrroloindole skeleton. This alkaloid is used as an anticholinesterase drug, which is fairly important in the treatment of Alzheimer s disease. Eserine is synthesized in Physostigma venenosum and stored in the seeds of this leguminous plant. The synthesis pathway starts with tryptamine, which is transformed into eserine (Eigure 45). 

Physostigma venenosum Balf., LegumincKae, Ang., native of Nigeria... 

Exelone/Sandoz (patent), physostigmine, from Novartis (manu cturer) Nigra-ian Physostigma venenosum Balf., Leguminosae, Ang./indole alkal. 

It is a tertiary ammonium alkaloid obtained from the Calabar bean, the dried ripe seed of Physostigma venenosum, which... 

Carbamate Insecticides. These are structurally optimized derivatives of the unique plant alkaloid physostigmine [57-47-6], a cholinergic drug isolated in 1864 from Physostigma venenosum (see Alkaloids) (17,24,35—39). The carbamates maybe considered synthetic derivatives of the synaptic neurotransmitter acetylcholine, with very low turnover numbers. The N,N-dimethylcarbamates of heterocyclic enols (36) and the N-methylcarbamates of a variety of substituted phenols (35) with a wide range of insecticidal activity were described in 1954 (35). The latter are the most widely used carbamate insecticides, and the N-methylcarbamates of oximes have subsequently been found to be effective systemic insecticides. 

Physostigma venenosum (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) and has played an important role in pharmacology because of its anticholinesterase activity. The inherent activity is in fact derived from the carbamate side-chain rather than the heterocyclic ring system, and this has led to a range of synthetic materials being developed. 

I), myoporoides, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), N. spp., (Solanaceae) metabolite of Nicotine Hippomane mancinella (Euphorbiaceae), Physostigma venenosum (calabar bean) (Fabaceae) [seed]... 

Hippomane mancinella (Euphorbiaceae), Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean) (Fabaceae) [seed]... 

Cholingeric Calabar bean Physostigma venenosum Physostigmine in ripe seeds Cholinergic toxicity Chewing seeds releases more physostigimine... 

Calabar bean Physostigma venenosum Cholinergic toxicity... 

The prototype carbarnate-derived acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is physostigmine (247), an alkaloid isolated from the seeds of the Calabar bean, Physostigma venenosum. Physostigmine exhibits equal inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinester-ase (308). 

Derivation By solvent extraction from the seeds of Physostigma venenosum. 

Alkaloids from the calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum) Amberboa ramosa Amberbin A Amberbin B Amberbin C Amberin Angelica gigas Decursinol Apiumgmveolens Apigenin Arborvitae Seed Areca catechu MA9701... 

A myriad of natural compounds have been tested for the past 20 years in a frenetic search for agents with potential effects against AD neuropathology. Some of these compounds include alkaloids from the calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum) huperzine A from Huperzia serrata-, galantamine from the snowdrop Galanthus woronowii cannabinoids (cannabidiol from Cannabis sativa) ... 

Eserine. Reversible anticholinesterase. Derived from Calabar (Physostigma venenosum) beans, the ordeal bean . 

Physostigmine (also called eserine) is an alkaloid obtained from the leguminous plant Calabar or ordeal bean—the dried, ripe seed of Physostigma Venenosum Balfour, a perennial plant in tropical West Africa. The main alkaloid was first isolated from the seeds of the Calabar bean in a pure form in 1864 by Jobs and Hesse, who called it physostigmine. One year later, it was obtained in a crystalline form by Vee and LeVen, who called it eserine. Physostigmine (PHY) is the first anticholinesterase agent known to man and is used in the treatment of atropine-induced intoxication. 

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